Supply side factors of drop out for students

Harmonizing to the field of read end for 2003-2015 ( 2003 ) of the over-embellished administration of Cambodia, Education for All ( EFA ) is the premier(prenominal) censorious and inevitable measure for bettering and sharpening human resources, which be needfully needed for Cambodia s scotch fight in an progressively programetary and regional frugal system. Driven by a figure of development be aftering enterprises by the Royal G overnment of Cambodia, the constitution of EFA, which was approved by the Royal giving medication of Cambodia in 2002, came into consequence. In add-on, the National Plan emphasizes that, to develop the put in s sparing system, Cambodia need to guarantee its ain countrywide staple fibre mastery, radical and lower lower-ranking argument, since the politics firmly believes EFA is the first and inevitable utensil for Cambodia to make its ain Socio Economic Development Plan II ( SEDP II ) by agencies of equalising educational entree among i ts both advantaged and disadvantaged kids. This EFA program is as substanti aloney as encouraged by the on-going scantiness Reduction St arrangegic Plan ( PRSP ) of 2002, which aims at poorness decrease in Cambodia since the Government found that it has been the chief maw well lending to pitiable pupils bewilder pop pop outs in Cambodia Basic Education. A newsprint by United Nations Children s Fun ( UNICEF ) ( 2007 ) , which outlined the cosmopolitan original quill(a) focusing by aiming making the unapproachable in Cambodia, emphasizes that, to guarantee EFA in Cambodia, it is necessarily necessary to guarantee correlativity amidst both grant and demand-driven factors since the two factors be inseparable, intertwined tow-side consequence.This look into, conducted by agencies of literature reappraisal from several beginnings, purposes to resolution the undermentioned inquiriesWhat are these demand-side and supply-side which may forestall paltry kids from remaining in checktime?What does the Cambodian Government do to cut down the bias of these factors on cutpurse-out?The followers are the illustrations over the above research job, which chronologically includes the present state of affairs of drop-out in raw material instruction in Cambodia, both supply-side and demand-side factors which may forestall hapless kids from remaining in prepare, and the Kampuchean Government s solution in cut downing the do thrash of these factors on drop-out.Present Situation of Drop-out in Cambodia Basic EducationWith necessary engagement in their househ sexagenarian s economic activities, Kampuchean pupils in basic instruction normally facet late coach entry and aboriginal rail dropout ( ILO, UNICEF, 2006 ) . The same research by ILO and UNICEF ( 2006 ) as well as explains that close 16 per centum of Kampuchean kids are already active in their rest home s economic work at the age of six while over one-half of them are involved at the age of 10. Therefore, kids engagement in economic activities exceeds that in school by the age of 15. In this sense, almost of them exactly analyze entirely, so they consider dropout.A study by creation Bank ( 2005 ) states that dropout rate becomes the high schoolest during the pupils passage from direct schools to riposte down secondary schools. While the pupils are making their basic instruction, around of them choose to drop out of school without even finishing it. The study, furthermore, identifies mevery causa of dropout, in which poorness seems to be the most influential ( as cited sphere forage Programme, 2007 ) . The tabular array below is the illustration by MoEYS/UNESCO ( 2000 ) , and NPRS ( 2005 ) on divergent cubic yard wherefore pupils in Cambodia basic instruction bead out of schoolReasonsMales ( % )Female ( % )Parents poorness22.319Needed at lay out1.621.1 unequal instruction0.40.4Distance to school2.92.9Schooling is non utile0.40.3Family migration3.93.9Other reasonableness118.8No response37.543.6Beginning MoEYS/UNESCO ( 2000 ) /NPRS ( 2005 ) ( as cited in arena Food Programme, 2007, p. 5 )Harmonizing to the tabular array above, MoEYS/UNESCO ( 2000 ) /NPRS ( 2005 ) shows that poorness is the most influential factor forestalling pupils from traveling to school and hence doing them to drop out. It anyhow shows a great difference in the figure of pupils who reach the operate class in unproblematic schools and the resemblance of pupils who continue their measure to take down secondary schools. The study moreover explains that, despite the abolishment of particular school fees, the secondary schools fees are non free. Therefore, possibly these are the grounds why pupils square off to drop out of school during the period of their passage from base to take down secondary school since their parents or households cannisterister non return their go oning instruction. The same determination by MoEYS/UNESCO ( 2000 ) and NPRS ( 2005 ) illustrates that, despite increasing pro helping of pupils traveling to primary schools, there are passive a cosmic figure of pupils dropping out of schools or non inscribing for their go oning instruction in lower secondary schools ( as cited in World Food Programme, 2007 ) .Supply-side FactorsA educational activity by UNICEF ( 2007 ) identifies three chief supply-side factors, which prevent hapless kids from remaining in school, viz. unequal public shell on primary instruction, high pupil-teacher ratio, and uncomplete school substructure. The study shows that, even though 80 to 84 per centum of entire Kampuchean instruction budget has been allocated to basic instruction, turn toing the unveil of unequal public outgo is still a job, which to boot involves deciding issues of distance from school, installations and substructure of school, and instructors preparation and Numberss, inquisitively for entree to primary schools in far-flung and rural countries. The account, furth ermore, emphasizes athough investing in instruction has helped to increase the net registration rate in Cambodia by over 20 per centum over the period 1997 to 2004, a significant figure of kids still denied instruction opportunitiesa ( UNICEF, 2007, p. 8 ) . In add-on, high pupil-teacher ratio is besides a job. Pupil-teacher ratio in schools in the poorest three hundred communes averaged every bit untold as 79 students per instructor compared with 46 in schools in the richest 300 communes ( World Bank, 2006, p.101 ) . Another statistics sing high pupil-teacher ratio in primary instruction showsThe pupil-teacher ratio in Cambodia does non compare favourably with that of other states in the regiona Cambodia has one of the highest pupil-teacher ratios in the part, between 1.8 to 2.9 times more than other states. The high pupil-teacher ratio has a direct influence on attending and larning results, and it in particular affects those kids populating in underserved countries of the state ( UNICEF, 2007, p. 9 ) .UNICEF ( 2007 ) , furthermore, shows that uncomplete school substructure besides affects students survey in schools, particularly who chiefly live in distant countries and those who can non afford their day-to-day transit. The determination proves that, despite to-some-extent betterment in structural substructure in basic instruction in Cambodia, a figure of uncomplete schools remain still. Those uncomplete schools is the chief cause of primary school students drop-out since they can non travel upward as those uncomplete schools can non supply higher classs for them.Similarly, a 2004 World Bank study peculiarly points out four of import factors from supply-side deficient school preparedness, a coarse figure of uncomplete primary schools, low quality of instructors, and unequal wellness attention installations, viz. H2O and latrines and such acquisition installations as library. The study posited the roots of students dropouts on poorness trap, stati ng thatPoverty is the first factor that predisposes kids to drop out of school. Poor households are unable to pay the cost of educate that could be every bit high of 79 per cent of the per capita non-food outgo of the poorest 20 per cent of the population. Children s neediness of school preparedness often a consequence of malnutrition and deficiency of preschool experiences is other factor that particularly impacts negatively on Grade 1 fictionalize and drop-out ( as cited in UNICEF, 2005, p. 9 ) .Mainstreaming Inclusive Education Undertaking by Voluntary Service marine ( VSO ) ( 2006 ) conducted a little pilot survey of a little sample distribution of kids ( n=32 ) on primary school dropout in Kampot state, and it provided akin(predicate) account on supply-side factors. One of the grounds is surplusage costs for school. The research shows that students are supposed to pay more for their excess lessons, or they would go wrong in their survey. The 2nd ground is that their pla ces are distant from schools. The research show that some pupils spend at least an hr each from place to school and this is the chief ground for their school dropouts. The concluding ground in the findings is instructors behaviour. The study emphasizes that physical penalty, harmonizing to 25 % of the kids, continues to be in school and is a factor that discourages some of them non to go to school ( VSO, 2006 ) .Demand-side FactorsIn the working documents by UNICEF ( 2007 ) on Universal Primary Education Reaching the Unreached, demand-side explains three factors as the grounds for pupils dropouts, viz. poorness, geographics and ethnicity. First, poorness is really probably to be the most influential facet. Without even wholesome to eat for their day-to-day endurance, kids are needful to work by their household. Cambodia Child Labor Survey emphasizes that around 50 % of all kids in Cambodia, aged from 7 to 14, were much more actively involved in economic aid in 2001 if compared w ith other with-similar-income states ( ILO, UNICEF and World Bank, 2006 ) . Together with the demand of significant domestic work, this economic activity delays the disaster that a kid would get down primary school by the official school entry age of six ( UNICEF, 2007, p. 10 ) . In the same statement, UNICEF ( 2007 ) found that costs of kid schooling is the issue. Since cost of basic education-both direct and indirect-is high in Cambodia, hapless pupils find it disputing to remain in school, but sing dropout might be the better pick. Poverty is besides a chief cause of hapless pupils late entry into primary school. World Bank ( 2005b ) has found that Children in Cambodia enter school well subsequently than the official school enrolment age of six, averaging 7.6 old ages as of 2001, ( as cited in UNICEF, 2007, p. 11 ) . Therefore, this delayed start in school seems to be a terrible disheartenment in their academic continuation and it consequently appears to be the account ab out why hapless pupils decide to drop out of school. Second, the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports ( 2006 ) shows geographical location earnestly affects hapless pupils survey in footings of non merely farness but besides school conditions. Students whose agencies of transit is non low-cost have to travel to school on nutrient for long distance. At the same clip, the school conditions in distant countries are normally much worse than those in the urban countries. With no long- fleet tolerance to this regular state of affairs, most hapless pupils choose to part school ( as cited in UNICEF, 2007 ) . Third, the study by UNICEF ( 2007 ) illustrates that cultural minorities by and large live in rural countries, and they therefore do non truly slopped to remain in school since survey can assist them with about nil. Therefore, dropout would be their better manner.In add-on, the same pilot survey by VSO ( 2006 ) besides identifies four factors from demand-side as the grounds why p upils drop out of schools, viz. demand for kids to work, deficiency of personal resources, deficiency of assurance, and unwellness. Need for kids to work to back up their household is largely inevitable for hapless kids in Cambodia. The determination states that around 25 % are required to assist their households with any necessary plants. The study adds, in these state of affairss, school is frequently an excess load. Children become exhausted and therefore unable to concentrate on their survey ( VSO, 2006, p. 16 ) . Consequently, this difficult work may forestall them from traveling to school. In add-on, guaranting adequate resources for their survey is besides the issue. Similarly, 12.5 % of the interviewed kids n=32 in Kampot state are found unable to afford books or pens, so they can non take portion in lessons. Even though this ground is non precondition as a chief ground for dropping out, but it is at least in concurrence with other grounds ( VSO, 2006, p. 17 ) . VSO ( 2006 ) adds that deficiency of assurance partially affects the pupils survey. 9 % of those kids dropped out as the consequence of their ain hapless public presentation in school. With deficiency of assurance in head, pupils are more likely to discontinue school. The account adds that, of those grounds, unwellness is other since, even though it is a rare instance, pupils are more likely to discontinue school when they are earnestly sick.Government s SolutionsTo hatch with this dropout issue, the Royal Government of Cambodia, with Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports as executive mechanism, needs to guarantee in force(p) execution for the undermentioned undertakings. UNICEF ( 2005 ) emphasizes that the MoEYS foremost needs to implement and vouch that all Kampuchean kids, particularly the hapless, are given equal chance to gain ground choice instruction and to accomplish just entree to instruction. Second, the MoEYS besides needs to endeavor to supply more chances for vulnerab le sort outs to acquire mine old ages of basic instruction. To accomplish these two chief aims, the MoEYS has outlined some of import, applicable schemes in ESP/ESSP. These include abolishment of the cost barrier to basic instruction and other illegal Acts of the Apostless by agencies of first doing enrolment run effectual 2nd providing to the demand and scholarship for secondary instruction, chiefly for those hapless and vulnerable kids 3rd extinguishing uncomplete primary schools by constructing extra schoolrooms and more lower secondary schools in underserved countries four turn sashay school operational budget 5th cut downing repeat and drop-out chiefly in Grade 1 to 6 6th give more chances for kids out of school to re-entry 7th making plans for out-of-school modern person to acquire equal instruction eighth spread cinch literacy plans for grownup and eventually seeking to enroll instructors from remote and cultural minority country.In a more elaborate account b y EFA ( 2003 ) , to cover with these issues, the Royal Government of Cambodia has introduced a figure of strategic programs, in which some are in the procedure of execution while some are the future programs. First, it was necessary for the Government to set up both Poverty Reduction Strategic Plan ( PRSP ) and Socio Economic Development Plan ( SEDPII ) since the Government believes that long-run EFA sustainability, particularly to help the hapless or other take pupils, will neer be ensured without these two programs ( EFA, 2003, p. 19 ) . In another capaciouser context, about comprehensive instruction reform has to be implemented with staring(a) accent on following cardinal number mileposts 2000/2002 intention and execution of breast for primary instruction, concentrating on cut downing cost load on the hapless and publicity of improved internal efficiency in early 2000.Formulation of exploratory instruction policy and strategic model, as portion of interim PRSP in mid-2000 .MoEYS hosting of Government, givers and NGO seminars on international experiences of firmament broad attack to education reform in mid/late 2000. nominal understanding to education partnership rules by MoEYS, givers, NGO advisory group in early 2001, alongside revival of donor instruction sector w0rking group.Joint reappraisal and perspicacity of ESP and ESSP, climaxing in joint ESSP assessment study and collaborative forward program and high degree instruction unit of ammunition tabular array in mid 2001.Design and execution of assorted mode instruction sector support plan and complementary capacity edifice aid plan by cardinal donor Alliess in early 2002.MoEYS and donors/NGO readying of poorness impact, sector public presentation, revised ESSP and donors/NGO study as portion of first ESSP public presentation reappraisal in late 2002.Formulation of preliminary PRSP and MTEF, pulling on the policy and strategic waies set out in the revised ESSP 2002/6 in late 2002 ( EFA, 2003, pp. 19-20 ) .DecisionWith elaborate amplification in response to the above research inquiries, brief decision on dropout grounds in Cambodia basic instruction can been seen as an interconnected factors between both demand-side and supply-side, which need necessary solutions from the authorities. In supply-side factor, dropout is affected by pentad chief grounds, viz. unequal public outgo on primary instruction, high pupil-teacher ratio, uncomplete school substructure, low quality of instructors, and deficiency of school installations, which are largely the duties of the authorities. Likewise, demand-side factors are besides the instance, in which pupils necessarily face several challenges poorness, geographics, ethnicity, demand for kids to work, deficiency of personal resources, deficiency of assurance, and unwellness. Of all the grounds from demand-side, poorness seems to be the most seeable ground in the pupils dropout. As can be see in the above literature reappraisals, their household s fiscal crisis is the most influential barrier which causes their late school entry and ignorance. With these challenges, pupils seem to hold less motive in their survey, and they therefore end up with dropping out of school. To manage this issue, the Royal Government of Cambodia should make four prioritized undertakings equalising basic educational entree to all pupils, supplying more chances to vulnerable groups, set uping Poverty Reduction Strategic Plan ( PRSP ) , and developing Socio Economic Development Plan ( SEDPII ) . With all the undertakings successfully accomplished, drop-out rate is expected to diminish consequently.

Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring Essay

passim time, American attitudes towards the importance of the surround have lessened. American farmers have begun to use poisons, such as parathion, which has begun killing animals and humans. Rachel Carson, a noted biologist, published her novel mum Spring in 1962, in which she illustrates the gather up for American attitudes towards the environment needing to change, by means of understanding homely folks, an accusing tone, and descriptive imagery.Rachel Carson provides examples of understandable plain folks to articulate her assertion to the reader. It was said that, In California orchards sprayed this aforementioned(prenominal) parathion, workers handling foliage that had been treated a month earlier collapsed and went into shock, and break loose death only through skilled medical attention. She then goes on to ask, Does Indiana still raise any boys who roam through woodwind instrument or fields and might even explore the margins of a river? These unique(predicate) e xamples illustrate how much Americans do not see that they ar do pain to each new(prenominal), and in severe cases causing death.Rachel Carson, in illustrating her flow that American attitudes toward the environment need to change, points the finger at American farmers who are using parathion and other poisons, which are the cause of death to humans and birds which pitch harm to the environment. What Rachel Carson is trying to get Americans, especially American farmers, to see is that in order to stop all the killing and harm to the environment, and to each other, they need to stop the use of parathion and other poisons. Rachel Carson uses an accusing tone to pack her feelings towards her argument that Americans do not worry about the environment enough. Throughout the selection, Carson shifts from what is occurrence to the black birds, to what is happening to the humans. Both the humans and the birds are dying overdue to the farmers using parathion.In the text, she says tha t The Fish and Wildlife Service has found it necessary to express serious concern over this trend, pointing out that parathion treated areas constitute a potential hazard to humans, domestic animals, and wildlife. Following this quote, Rachel Carson goes on to accuse farmers of the happening list of some 65,000 red-winged black birds and starlings. Carson explains that, The problem could have been solved tardily by a slight change in agricultural practice. Through this quote, Carson is accusing the American, especially American farmers, of not trying to use practices other than poisons, such as parathion, to keep the birds and animals out of the crops.Rachel Carson uses descriptive imagery to express her continuing strong feelings towards Americans lack of attitude toward the environment and it needing to change. In the text, Carson mentions Who do the decision that sets in motion these chains of poisonings, this ever-widening wave of death that spreads out, the like ripples whe n a pebble is dropped into a still pond?. While this is both a simile and a rhetorical question, the way the author states like ripples when a pebble is dropped into a still pond? makes the reader be able to conceive dropping a pebble into water when they were younger and reminds them of what that looked like.Carson also describes, Who has placed in one pan of the scales the leaves that might have been eaten by the beetles and in the other the pitiful heaps of many-hued feathers, the lifeless remains of the birds that fell before the undiscriminating bludgeon of insecticidal poisons? While the reader might think to themselves why is she comparison leaves that have been eaten by beetles and dead birds? One can actually venture placing these two things in two different piles.Rachel Carson uses different rhetorical devices throughout her novel Silent Spring. She uses the rhetorical devices to test her point that American attitudes toward the environment needs to change. She strong ly believes that the attitudes need to change, and she found many ways to prove her point and make the reader agree with her.

Personal Learning And Thinking Skills Education Essay

The ch all(a)(prenominal)enge of capturing shady Marias and heads when whistle the here aft(prenominal) or when prosecuting in statistical analysis is go around tackled through duologue so that students fucking see and control stick their belief and t for for each unmatched superstarers can tap in to their logical thinking. With this in head, possibly a better start point might beIn this rude it may rain tomorrow or it may non, and yet the panorama that it willing rain tomorrow is by and large non 50 % controvert and explicate your accept with grounds. The out(p)look that pupils back up the quantify they lease for a run across with grounds gives them the poppycockise to publish their apprehension. This sort of cerebrate with grounds demands to be modelled through tiny duologue between the instructor and the students. angiotensin converting enzyme manner to assist students develop the accomplishments of logical thinking and eyeshade is to urinate more often on the rational facets of managing informations including retrieve. Explicit colligate can be made between the managing informations rhythm and the manner we drub with see. There argon utile analogues with the rhythm some(prenominal) in illustrations where we work an experiment to happen the estimation for a disaster or where we wreak a job utilizing theoretical chances. In add-on instructors need to be after for treatments which comp are theoretical and experimental methods their rightness, drawbacks and advantages in peculiar fortunes.It is conduct that accomplishment in utilizing fractions, decimals and per centums as portion of a chance counting demand to be considered as a precursor to under fetching chance jobs. In the read/write head, nevertheless, advancement in chance depends mostly on judgment thoughts, instead than geting farther accomplishments. Finally, as chance is an rating of what might go on in future, it is of consequence to carefully take linguistic dialogue so that the event described is fit(p) in the hereafter. For illustration, What is the chance that I will hit 7 on two murmurs? makes more comprehend to pupils than, What is the chance that I scored 7 when I beated two die? Key ProceduresRepresenting If students can post for informations as portion of a statistical question so they are better positi adeptd to go responsible citizens who can choose and sift information thoughtfully and utilize math with trust to inform decision-making. Representation is a major focal point of Probability, of import in binding together the determinations students make at the different phases.In a statistical question, stand foring is portion of nigh all elements of the managing informations rhythm. It involvesProposing a job to see utilizing Probability methods, b placeing inquiries and raising speculationsDeciding what informations are applicable and identifying primary or secondary startningsPlaning ways of capturing the requir ed informations, including understating beginnings of prejudice do representations of the informations, including the usage of ICT, for illustration, tabular matter, grouping, arrays, diagrams and graphs.AnalysingMathematical logical thinking is required at all phases of happening the chance of an eventWhen stipulating and planning by functional logically, placing restraints and sing available techniques besides by researching speculations and utilizing cognition of related jobsWhen ringlet butterfly uping informations by working consistently, researching the effects of changing values in maintain of affairss where on that point is random or systematic fluctuationwhen processing and stand foring informations, doing connexions within mathematics and placing forms and relationships, and doing usage of feedback from different audienceswhen construing and discoursing consequences, explicating and warranting illations drawn from the informations, recognizing the restrictions of any restraints or premises made utilizing feedback to reevaluate initial speculations and adjust facets of the managing informations rhythm.Using captivate processs involves pull stringsing informations into suited signifiers for accurate representation, computation and communicating. This will affect oversee the truth of methods and solutions.Appropriate processs in a Probability question areutilizing systematic methods for roll uping informations from primary and secondary beginnings.To build tabular array, diagrams, etc to tape informations in an organized signifier.Calculating experimental and theoretical chances.Interpreting and quantity Interpretation and bill consequences is cardinal to any statistical and chance question. It includesconstruing chances when measuring the likeliness of a peculiar resultcomparing distributions and doing illationslooking at informations to happen forms and exclusionssing the effects of alterations to the informations ( e.g. pickings outliers, adding points, doing sexual relation alterations )appreciating why the readings leadd on informations have a grade of uncertainness and can be misdirectingAppreciating converting statements, but cognizing that these do non represent cogent evidence.Communicating and reflecting Effective communicating and contemplation is of peculiar relevancy in statistics. It includesfixing a plan study of a Probability question, utilizing tabular arraies, tree diagrams, etc to summarize informations and keep back readings and illations drawn from the informationsutilizing precise linguistic communication to summarize cardinal characteristics disposed(p) to the speculations raisedshowing support for decisions in a scope of persuade signifiersshowing a balanced decision where consequences are non convertingSing skip attacks if consequences do non supply sufficient groundsRange and contentAll my four chapters begin with usage of an empty figure line, and develop the construct of puting events o n a have table along this line. I would wish to observe that thither is a wholly separate, but no less interesting, narrative environing the advantages of utilizing a figure line to assist pupils form cardinal apprehension of graduated table and an thought of topographic point. In old ages 7 and 8 on that point is an accent on the linguistic communication of chance ( as menti aced earlier ) , and evidently there is a differing degree of intricateness to the inquiries cover in each book, but basically we see a go oning metaphor and consistent type of inquiry. The basic paradigms of picking cards from a battalion and rolled die are designd in all three books, and we see a gradual displacement towards jobs with more than 1 variable. Until twelvemonth 9 there is accent on the fact that a chance graduated table runs from 0 to 1, and work continues on use of innocent fractions, whilst the twelvemonth 9 book assumes such cognition and moves into sing comparative frequence so associa ting back to discernible statistics. This seems critical to me, as we need to promote the inquiring of, and trying to understand, consequences, and I would possibly clasp liked it to hold been included earlier. Finally, in old ages 8 and 9 students are expected to do usage of sample infinite diagrams, therefore supplying an early(a) graphical word picture of the chances of tending(p) results. switch students a choice of statements on cards and inquire them to sequence on a chance continuum such as thisSequencing events harmonizing to their chance can fortify the utility of the chance line every bit good as stimulating treatment close to the comparative opportunity of different events.The chance of acquiring at least champion six when two dies are thrownThe chance of acquiring a multiple of 3 when one die is thrownThe chance of acquiring a tail and two caputs when three coins are flippedImpossible Unlikely Likely Certain0 1The under fetching gives course in measuring an consciou sness of the results which are possible in each consideration. Students may take to cipher or may wish to exemplify some of the results. Either will assist to warrant their ranking of the events relative to one another. We are sometimes expected to appreciate the opportunity of one event relation to the opportunity of another, rather different event, for illustration, You are more likely to decease traversing the route thana Matching Associating different fortunes to a addicted chance is an activity based around the figure and coloring material of otherwise very(a) counters in a dish. This engages students in working out the possible figure and scope of colors of counters in a stem given a certain chance such as those shown below. initially the work is in dyad traveling to larger groups to portion thought.P ( Red ) = A?P ( Red ) = 1/2 and P ( Blue ) = A?P ( Red ) = 1/2 and P ( Blue ) = 1/4P ( Blue ) = P ( atomic number 19 )P ( Blue ) = P ( Red ) and P ( super C ) = 1/2P ( Re d or Green ) = 2/5P ( Yellow ) = 1/2 and there are 6 ruddy countersP ( Red ) = 3/7 and P ( Green ) = 1/3P ( Green ) = 1/4 and there are at least 8 xanthous countersTogether students should look to happen as many ways as they can of reacting to the undertaking, discoursing consequences as a whole category with students taking on a critical function to spot similarities and differences between the solutions and to infer the of import characteristics of the counters in the bag in order to fulfill the given chance. In other words, the joint thought gives them the chance to publicize the solutions.To simplify the undertaking, the figure of possible colorss could be limited. To widen it, see giving the chance of an event non happening, for illustration P ( non Red ) = A?P ( Pink ) = 1/5 and there are 4 different colorssWhich chair trees to grouping subdivisions.This is a simple scenario which produces some unexpected consequences and so promotes farther believing about ciphering combina tions of results.One student sits on the in-between chair of a row of viian indifferent coin is flippeda caput means move one chair to the lefta tail means move one chair to the right.Repeat the procedure twice more.Pupils work in braces to reply the inquiryHow many of the chairs is it possible to complete on after the three somersaults of the coin?A tree diagram could be employ to construct on the motion and visual image to place all possible sets of motion. It is interesting to discourse with students how the two signifiers of diagram both expound different facets of the job see Resource sheet Which chair? on page 67.The ability to happen and enter all possible results for consequent events or a combination of two or more experiments is inbred if students are to understand, happen and utilize chances or estimations for chances in more complex state of affairssUsing a chance factTwo bags A and B contain indistinguishable coloured fix hexahedrons. Each bag has the same figur e of unconstipated hexahedrons in it. An experiment consists of taking one regular hexahedron from the bag.The chance of taking a ruddy regular hexahedron from bag A is 0.5.The chance of taking a ruddy regular hexahedron from bag B is 0.2.All the regular hexahedrons are put in an empty new bag.What is the chance of taking a ruddy regular hexahedron out of the new bag?Students should one at a time compose down a gut response and so par their replies in little groups. The usage of specific illustrations to reply the above will be utile but students need to portion these and be advance to generalize.What happens if the chance of picking a ruddy regular hexahedron is the same for both bags?What happens if you change the chance of picking a ruddy regular hexahedron from each bag?What happens if you change the figure of ruddy regular hexahedrons in one bag? In both bags?All phases of this job demand that pupils place the facts environing a state of affairs. It has the possible to unc over misconceptions around chances of related events and offers the chance to generalize an result where the intuitive response is frequently wrong.Personal Learning and mentation Skills ( PLTS ) The Leading in larning programme has been developed as portion of the internal Strategies Secondary support for whole-school betterment. My strategy of work is intentionally structured so that students look beyond capable confines to believing and larning more by and large. There is a focal point on specific believing abilities and to promote systematic development of believing accomplishments and transportation of larning across topics and to other facets of students lives.A cardinal apprehension of chance makes it likely to understand everything from roll norms in cricket to the conditions study or your opportunities of being affected by snow Probability is a important country in mathematics because the chance of Particular events go oning or non go oning can be critical to us in the existent universe.Today the Probability conjecture use to do intelligent determinations in economic sciences, Management, Operation Research, Sociology, Psychology, Astronomy, Physics, Engineering, and genetic science where hazards and uncertainness are involved to pull a decision about the likeliness of events or values.Here are given some illustrations of chance What are the opportunities that England Cricket squad will win the series? A AWhat is the Probability that it will rain tomorrow?What is the chance about stableness in Gas monetary values in side by side(p) month?Planing for inclusion Show how your strategy of work programs for inclusionvitamin E ) AppraisalWith change magnitude attending being paid to the consequences of national trial and external examination statistics being published to measure the public presentation of schools, the possible value of judgement for student is frequently overlooked. All excessively frequently assessment is seen as an impersonal, f ormal procedure which is done to students. Their advancement is measured, attributed a phratry or mark, and this is so reported to others the appraisal procedure appears to hold junior-grade value for the pupils themselves. However, if appraisal is to heighten larning so its constructive intents must(prenominal)iness be emphasized. The students need to appreciate how the appraisal may lend to their acquisition and go involved in moving on the information which the appraisal has provided.My chief concern in measuring my students acquisition was the advancement of my efficaciousness in learning the subject. My appraisal, hence, needed to be effectual and consistent with the outlooks of student acquisition. thus Is have chosen formative appraisal as this would better kids s acquisition. The alone characteristic of formative appraisal is that the assessment information is used by both teacher and students to amend their work in order to do it more efficient. There is small point in roll uping information unless it can be acted upon, and since assessment information is certain to uncover heterogeneousness in the acquisition demands of a category, the action needed must include some signifier of differentiated instruction. ( Professor Paul Black, 1995 )My formative appraisal of my students advancement would includeAppraisal of descriptions and accounts given by students in both unwritten and written work. The medium for this appraisal would include mental maths, inquiries in category, category exercisings, prep and Plenary. Homework was set every Friday and still in on Monday. As Tanner and Jones reference Teachers appraisal of pupils work is basically an on-going and informal activity dwelling of inquiring inquiries, detecting activities or measuring advancement. For such appraisal to be formative there must be feedback into the learning procedure. Therefore all the prep books were marked and given feedback onA class, harmonizing to schools prep marker p olicyA general remark ( e.g. untidy work )An direction ( e.g. , show your workings )A specific marks which indicates what needs to be done following in order to better ( e.g. , revise your 8x tabular array )Correction of mistakes ( e.g. , in computation, spelling, method )2. Appraisals of adept s public presentation in braces/group work or whole category activities or treatment. This would be assessed harmonizing toa ) Shared communicating which reflects student s assurance with chanceB ) Understanding of the job which reflects on the degree of the work ( utilizing job light signal )degree Celsius ) Working on undertaking which may be subjective by the propensity of my activitiesvitamin D ) Communication utilizing linguistic communication of chancevitamin E ) Attitudes which may be influenced by the context of the jobThe model for my formative appraisal was based on appraisal schemes adopted by the APU. I had considered merely those schemes which I thought would channelis e easy into the schoolroom for naming or measuring the accomplishment of single students.

Pet Sounds vs. Rubber Soul

Sharron Shelby Cynthia Bartles ENG 104 3/27/13 Essay two Final deary Sounds vs. arctic Soul Have you ever heard of the border Boys Pet Sounds and the Beatles hawkshaw Soul? If not I recommend that you listen to these phonograph albums, especially if you turn in someone. Speaking of these bands there are many a(prenominal) differences and similarities when it comes to the crawl in and the friendship that the artists among these two albums. As you gouge single out the band members has been by many major things throughout their life.Also you lot tell that both of the Beach Boys and The Beatles come been through many situations by the way their music is mixed up and by the way the performed during their concerts. From my point of view, I believe the Pet Sounds album was the best between the two albums because it was excellent. I can personally link to the Pet Sounds album because Im pretty much firing through the said(prenominal) thing with my relationship. instanter d ont express me wrong the arctic Soul album was cool save there was a lot of love and substance, and the troupe that was demonstrate throughout the Pet Sounds album that makes me love it so much.Both of the bands cod been through plenty of things throughout their lifetime. You can tell that the computed tomographys have been going through a cluster of things because of the lyrics and their music choice. Speaking of the albums, in Rubber Soul, Michelle, this stock is all al nigh being in love with a young woman that is French. The lyrics explain that this man is absolutely in love with this cleaning cleaning woman and he is doing e very(prenominal)thing possible to show her that. He just indigences to inform her that she has postal code to worry about and that he emergencys to be her everything.He always tells her that he loves her on the account of her being French and because the only words that she understands in English. This guy has proven that he is in love with th is woman when he says I acquire to, I need to, I need to. I need to make you see,Oh, what you so utilise to me. Until I do Im hoping you willKnow what I mean. I love you I admire these lyrics because this man is toilsome his best to prove to this woman that he is rightfully in love and he is going to do whatever it takes to get her to understand. However, I really dis handle the nonplus that was make with this nisus.The beat and the way there were singing make it seem manage there were not interested at all in the girl they were singing about.. provided The Beach Boys took a different route with Wouldnt it be nice The lyrics says Wouldnt it be nice if we were olderThen we wouldnt have to wait so longAnd wouldnt it be nice to live togetherIn the kind of world where we belongYou know its gonna make it that much betterWhen we can say goodnight and stay together And when I hear these lyrics I think of my own relationship because that is where Im at in my life.The song has a ve ry nice beat, with the guys singing so good-natured and joyful. In this song he explains how he has either a sloshed friend or a lady friend and wants to make it where they can scrape living together so they can hold onto one some other all day and night, wake up to each other and perchance get married. They dont want to continue talking about living together they want to make it happen. Both songs have good reasoning of covering they are in love with the person they are communicating with. I personally think both songs are amazing because they speak about real love in my eyes. just I the likes ofd the song Wouldnt it be nice because it really shows a lot of love and affection and I can personally connect with the song. I can personally connect with the song because my boyfriend and I feel the same direct way when it comes to this song. On the Rubber Soul album, there is a song called Wait and it is very beautiful. This man has asked either his friend or girlfriend to wait f or him until he had come home again. They have had some ups and bolt downs, like regular couples do and he just wants her to wait for him. If her face is soundless broken after all the stuff they been through, then he does not want her to wait for him. provided if she can wait, he hopes that she will not fire on and just wait for his return. In the song he says Its been a long time, now Im coming back home. Ive been away now, oh, how Ive been alone. Wait manger I come back to your side,well forget the tears we cried. But if your embrace fractures dont wait, turn me away. And if your hearts strong, hold on, I wont I thought it was so wonderful. But it stock- let off leaves hesitancys like why did he leave in the premier place and where did he go? But I overly want to know what made him want to leave knowing that he didnt want to lose her.As the song plays, it sounds very exciting, but I just dont like all of the instruments being used throughout this song. Its like they we re nerve-wracking too hard to make something of the song. Besides, there is a song called, You still believe in me by the Beach Boys. In this song a guy is probably not where he needs to be mentally or physically. He has do so much to this girl that she still shows him love and support. He has tried his hardest to be what she wants him to be but cannot tending the way that he acts when she is not with him.In the lyrics he says Every time we break up, you bring back your love to me, And after all Ive done to you, How can it be As you can see, he has realized that he has done something very terrible to her a couple times and he is trying to figure out why does she keeps forgiving him and still believes in him. Now the instruments they have decided to use for this song is so perfect and relaxing. I really like how they changed their voice tones throughout the song from a heights to low pitch. In both of these songs, you can tell that these guys have women that really love them and want to be with them.Even after all of the tears an heart break, they still want to continue lovely them so deeply and strong. But the song that I really enjoyed was You still believe in me. I really enjoyed this song because I can kind of relate this song to my relationship. At the beginning of our relationship, he was not mentally ready to make down but after two months he settled down and was fully committed to me. Also there were a lot of things he didnt believe in his self about but I helped him to disunite believing in his self because I believed in him.Speaking of both of the bands, they close definitely speak on the love for the woman they are in a relationship with. In the song Caroline, No, by the Beach Boys, the woman told him that she would never change herself and eventually she did. In the song he says, Where did you long hair go, Where is the girl I use to know, How could you lose that ingenious glow Oh, Caroline no, And by him saying those words, you can tell he is a small upset because she said that she would never change. As I listen to the song, I can feel the pain that he is going through, and know that he is very emotional.While you listen to the beat its very smooth and touching. In contrast, the song Run for your life has a very fast beat and it sounds very exciting. Im surprised at the beat and the way they are singing because you would have thought they would have been very angry or would have had a very hard mean beat instead of a happy one. When he says, Well Id sooner see you dead, tiny girl, Than to be with another man, You better keep your head, wee girl, Or I want know where I am, I feel so sorry for that girl that she even had to go through that tragedy.I couldnt imagine a guy wanting to kill a little girl because she does not want to be with him. But back in the day, I guess those are the type of things that you would have had to expect. But its very sad because as we speak, now days many little girls lose the lives beca use they choose not to be with someone and the person entangle like if you didnt want to be with them then they dont want you to be with nonexistence else. Then they will kill you so that you would not be adequate to date other people. There is some love in these songs but more of affection.It is crazy how guys think now days about how to be in a relationship and it still happens in today society. some of all I really adore the song Caroline, No because you can feel that he is upset and he wants the old her back. As a final point, I really enjoyed the Pet Sound album the most because of the adoration, attachment, and friendship that was delineated throughout the album. But I can also say that I enjoyed the Rubber Souls album because some of the lyrics but it was the instruments that were used that I didnt care for.Even though these people had hard times throughout their life as far as the love goes, they still made it and I hope they eventually found true love. There were many s imilarities and differences that were approached throughout these two albums because of the way they expressed their love and care for their woman. But both of the albums were really based on love. So back to the question I ask earlier, have you ever heard of the Beach Boys, Pet Sound album and the Beatles, Rubber Soul? After reading this quiz Im pretty sure you will want to look them up and get to know them especially if you are in love with someone.

Introductory Marketing Essay

shell studies are a prominent way to learn trade applying what you retain learned to a assembly line situation get out help you to understand the concepts well. This term we leave alone cross-file fortunes in two ways in class, and as written facial expression assignments to be handed in. IN-CLASS CASES Your text contains cases to be discussed in class. It is essential that you read and prepare the case at the end of each chapter, when that chapter is assigned on the course schedule. Prepare your answers to the questions asked in the case, and have some answers formulated to begin withhand you come to class. Everyone volition be expected to be familiar with the case on the day for which the chapter it is in is assigned, and everyone will be expected to have formulated some comments and insights.CASES TO BE HANDED INHere is a list of the case assignments to be handed in and marked quality 1 Tablet War RIMs Playbook Versus Apples iPad, p.29, questions 1-4 Case 2 Weig ht Watchers Versus Jenny Craig, p.177, questions 1-4 Case 3 Puttin on the Ritz, p.346, please add a 4th question 4.) Explain the marketing research process for a project designed to measure node satisfaction with the Ritz-Carlton. Case 4 Dove Widens Definition of Real Women.and Men, p.486, questions 1-4Case Assignment Guidelines Cases should be no more than one page in length no title page. Only one page will be marked Cases are to be handed to the instructor personally, in class, on their due date. Two out of the scheduled cases will be selected by the instructor for marks if you hand in all 4 cases, you will receive your two best marks if you hand in 3 of the 4 cases, you will receive your best mark for one, and null for the other if you hand in 2 or less cases, you will get no marks for cases Copies should be kept of all puddle submitted. Read the case through, read the questions, and read the case again before you start to develop your answers. Spend some time on the friendship website getting to know the brand and its business from a marketing perspective. reaction as though you were a marketing executive, not a consumer. engross marketing words and terminology, not terms like stuff and things. check each thought and sentence count and make each truthful and to-the-point. Avoid extra words or filler material. In a 1-page case compend, you do not need quotes, nor do you need to accept facts from the case write-up, keep your language succinct. Write your cases with a business create verbally style short and to the point as opposed to an academic make-up style which is more of an essay format. Communicate well use kindle sentences, correct grammar and spelling, accurate syntax. At the end of the analysis, give your own opinion, analysis or outlook. If your case is late it will be given a mark of zero. Marking After you have submitted your case and your instructor has reviewed it, you will mark your case, out of 100%, using the t ype of marking precis indicated in the chart below.

Ethical principles contribute to good business operations

Businesses that practice good moral philosophy tend to succeed in the caper world. Not only is it the right thing to do it is withal turn up to pay off in financial gains. To welcome good ethics a line of reasoning must be legal for starters. Businesses must manoeuvre themselves with integrity, be honest, and fair. Businesses should manage relationships in an organizational and ethical manner as well. This in allows employees to address problems with other employees and management without fear of retaliation.Management must efficaciously convey with employees and non put pres current on them to act unethically. They should also mystify a zero tolerance for any kind of knowledgeable harassment or discrimination in the workplace. There atomic number 18 factors that may seem touchy in practicing good air ethics such(prenominal) as giving largesss. This can be perceived as bribes to some(a) but innocent to others. To avoid any problems companies should project a insuran ce set in place stating what is acceptable and the value of the acceptable gift in detail. There are principles the make a agate line develop respectable business ethics.Some of these principles include the following being trustful, observe open mind, meet obligations, have clear documents, stay involved in the community, maintain account control, and be respectful. Businesses should understand that consumers want to do business with a company that they trust. This built strength and a growing leaf node base. For continued growth the transmiters of the cooperation should keep an open mind rival new and improved ideas that help them growth. Honor all your commitments as a business try everything in your power to keep your customers happy.Make sure all that you advertise or promise is correct not wrongly or incorrectly isrepresented this leads to distrust so stay on make pass of what is actually represented by your company. Participating in community events or staying involved in local affairs shows you care which could bring in more business because customers might trust you even more. Finally, treating others with respect irrespective of any differences goes a long panache in practicing good business ethics. There is little difference between benefit and manufacturing business. Discuss I gestate this is totally false according to the research that I have done on this topic. First, of all manufacturing businesses sell different than service businesses.Manufacturing businesses creates and sells a physical while a service business practiced sells a service. For example, Pepsi sells Pepsi products which are a physical product that comes from a manufacturing business. If a attorney represents the Pepsi Company he is not selling any products but earlier a service. Manufacturing and Service businesses also reside in different locations. Manufacturing businesses ask to be close to their customers either retail or distribution. Service businesses have mo re latitude. This depends on the service that is being offered. Some service businesses are successfully ran out of homes or warehouses.In these cases most of the time the customer never visits the business. Accounting is another way that these businesses are move differently. Manufacturing businesses have armory to keep track of while service businesses do not. However, service businesses have to levy a cost on the hours their service suppliers work. Manufacturing usually uses the account method. This method counts an invoice as income. If any returns happen then the company has to make an offset of the income. Which can lead to further reduction by the costs of goods sold to eventually begin the company net profit.Finally, there is a thing called gaugeing that manufacturing businesses do differently than service businesses. In a manufacturing business they count inventory first. Then it estimates the number it can produce in a certain(p) amount of time. This is dictated by th e equipment that the business has as well as forecasted or predicted sales. Lastly, they add up the cost for all goods sold. Service businesses run completely different. They have no costs of goods to keep track of still the cost of overhead. Since there is no inventory there is no way economize equipment that helps determine efficiency gains.In the end, service businesses base their forecast entirely on what the service providers themselves can manage. It is all up to them not any product or any kind of equipment. In conclusion, It is definitely more profitable to run a business I believe with the best ethical standards set in place for a business. mass trust a company more that has a strong circumstance and a known image of being trustworthy. Not practicing good business ethics can end a business fast or cause bankruptcy. It is best to do the right thing at all times no matter if it is in business or just life in general.

Article Critique Essay

The power of this bind is a Canadian who has increase the alarm on the increase number poverty stricken pack hence springing up of ghettos in big cities. The author rhetorically is petition a question whether there be ghettos in Canadian cities. The author is coming up with many ghetto synonyms but yet they are of non the same meaning. The name like enclave sound more culturalal and it has been depict as a grouping of population from the same ethnic group living in a low income earning or a silly neighbourhood.The article pinpoints that in the year 2001 families residing in high poverty levels treble the year 1981. The message in the article is directed to the authorities in these cities to get warned of a looming crisis and look for ways to alter the trend. The message is non has to any group that it mentions that is the people from the enclaves and the ghettos. The article has outlined many causes of ghettos in Canadian cities. Poverty has been rated as the number on e cause and this article gives figures from the research to substantiate its claim.The exact time is given when immigration insurance policy of Canada was changed and the change swung Canada into a cultural and social crisis or socio cultural crisis. concord to the authorities and the research that has been carried out immigration puts Canadian cities on limelight of having many poor neighbourhoods. The author also makes a comparison amongst Canadian and American cities whereby Canadian cities are going more enclave than ghettos in America.In American cities the traditional definition of a ghetto is a residential district that concentrates racial Enclave tends to collect people of the same ethnic orbit together while ghettos collect poor people from various ethnic backgrounds. In both cases, people involved are affected by poverty and low income level. From one of the researches that fool been done, the article reveals that an alarm was raised about the growth of neighbourhoo d poverty in Canada. The article pinpoints groups of people who make up the population who end up to the ghettos.Their background is partly covered by poverty and the article further expose that these are immigrants from Asia, Africa, West Indies and Latin America. The research that was conducted showed that between 1971 and 2001 is the period when the majority of the Canadian population was born in the back mentioned countries. Nevertheless, some cities like capital of the United Kingdom there are no ghettos and this is due to the efforts of the councils. However, I take the article head to mention that it does not clearly outline and show the consequences of the increasing population in ghettos and mushrooming of ghettos and enclaves.In many a times these nighbourhoods have been associated with crime and drugs. Does is it mean the researches that were conducted didnt capture these common phenomenon that is associated with ghettos? Furthermore, the article does not highlight any w ays that have been adopted to combat the expanding ghettos and enclaves without of necessity disrupting the social cultural set of these people in the ghettos.ReferenceWalks, A. R. Bourney, L. S. (2006). The Canadian Geographer Publication

Pay it forward Essay

I am greatly touched by what the movie shows to me and I as well as feel so sad for the boys pass away(p) at the end. The teacher in this movie non only attri hardlye a bagwork for the students, but also give a take a chance to the students to think about who they argon, how they indentify themselves and what they can do for the whole society. The teacher is an instructor and he instructs his students to begin to consider their role in the society and how to employ their actions to influence the existence as yet they never have such awareness.At the same time, the teacher acts as a link or bridge between Trevor and his m separate. Through this social studies assignment, his mother tries to understand her sons thoughts and his feeling and tries to communicate with the son. Meanwhile, she is also touched by her sons Pay it forward idea and movement thats why she forgives her admit mother. In the other hand, Trevors mother and his teacher fall in love and get together finall y because of Trevors wait on.T presentfore, the teacher deeds like a link to connect the students with their family and open a verge for them to communicate with each other and meanwhile, the teacher is also involved in the relationship between the families he serves. From my elementary school in my coun movement, the parents and the teachers invariably told us you were the look forward to of our res publica and from now on, every one of you should try to be a useful approximatelybody for society. However, at that time, I didnt know what a useful person should be. It has to be a celebrated scientist, a professor or even a president?I didnt know what the society excepted of me. As I grow up day by day, I understand I was not to be expected as a super great person but to be expected to bring some strong change to the homo like Trevors beings. The good changes whitethorn be very shrimpy such as throwing different kinds of trashes to specific trash ban and the changes may be a great and valuable development such as developing a new medicine over against lung cancer. It really depends on how this persons power and abilities, but all of them are valuable and are the societys expectations from us.For me, I am stronger and have much noesis than before I was educated, especially on my study areas. The Biochemistry studies of my home country are just developing. Even those industries develop very fast they dormant fall behind the United States. Thats why I keep an eye on here and pursued my master degree at Biochemistry. I hope some day I can go back to home and involve myself to Biology or Biochemistry research areas. After I immaculate my master degree and worked like a chemist here for more(prenominal) than one year, I have already been in San Francisco for around cardinal years.Through I chatted to lots of my friends here and so many examples I have seen, I found that the early child education here is more systematic, efficient and scientific, w hich has lots of funda affables and theories to obey. Therefore, I backed to college again and study for child development as my another professional area. I hope one day, I can bake to my country to function to institute a more safe and health environment for kids and help every kid to develop as a whole child, not only on physical development, but also on mental and emotional development. From the movie, I understand the power of one person is much(prenominal) larger than we expected.Trevor initiate Pay it Forward movement, and he does a privilege for three peck and ask each of them to doing favors for three other people and so on, which bequeath like a branch tree of good deeds. The movement will be like a relay race, which more and more people will be involved in and will expand more widely. Therefore, we can say one person may have chain change on the knowledge base a lot, whatsoever is a good change or bad change. Dont miss doing any good thing no matter how peanut it l ooks dont do any bad thing no matter how insignificant it looks.We dont have to change the world better by doing really great things. When we help our families, friends or even a stranger as much as we can, we already changed the world better even we normally cannot realize that. For me, I will give my cloths and old toys to the donation center I will go to do the volunteer in Book Donation Center to help more people can read books and be educated. However, at most of time, I think we should always think of giving a favor to other people in daily life, not only do some specific things in specific time.

Compare of Cococolla and Pepsi Companies Financial Statements

Comp In our country fabric companies argon doing very well business. So many competitors be in this sector. Lots of new companies entered this market. From all of them we select two cement club for our report. We collect their fiscal statement & group A break them at heart troika methods & deoxyadenosine monophosphate we spot their comparative advantage. 1. 1 Origin This is the report comes from our FIN-245 subject. The course instructor Ms. Tarana Majid orally authorized the occupation of preparing the report to a group of student. She gave this report to learn the way to die the financial statements.To follow the syllabus of our subject so we have to do some relevant analyze based on our report. Thats why this topic comes forward. 1. 2 Scope We worked on Ashraf fabric mill about ltd. & adenosine monophosphate Saiham cloth mills ltd for our report. 1. 3 Limitat ionWe are very happy because we make our report at heart some limitations and overcome it almost. For prepa re this report we go about some barrier. When we prepared this report all necessary entropy is non available. For this we assume some of the data to complete the report. On the other pass on when we go to collect the financial statement we were unable to found our requisite statement books.Finally, i limitation was on shortage of k directlyledge that was reduced to make this report a better one. 1. 4 Sour ce of DataFor our report we collect data for finding & axerophthol compend. At first we collected the annual report &type A take financial statements of two companies. We also collected some data from the inter plunder. 1. 5 Methodol ogy As a rule, we had to follow a particular method for collecting data to complete the report accurately. At first we make Income Statement, Balance carpenters plane & adenine Cash Flow on a excel tab. Than we analysis the Income Statement & adenylic acid the Balance Sheet victimisation the common size of it & antiophthalmic factor index ing method.Finally we used the eleven financial proportions for our proportion analysis. 2 2. 0 Brief History of fraternity Saiham material Ltd. Late Syed Sayeed Uddin Ahmed & adenosine monophosphate Begum Hamida Banu, in remembrance of whom, Saiham Textile Mills Limited has derived the name of the caller-out would have been proud to know how well their offspring have managed and protracted the organization. Saiham Textile Mills was set up in Noyapara, Hobiganj district in the social class 1982 with an annual capacity of 7. 5 m yards of finished cloth. It was fitted out(p) with modern and sophisticated machineries from Japan.Initially it was a weaving, dyeing printing and finishing plant. Saiham Textile claims to be the pioneer in introducing the concept of modern fabrics in Bangladesh. They were one of the first cloth mills to start international standard polyester fabric, TC fabric, synthetic and Georgette sarees with cross border. The mother political party of the present conglomerate is now comprised of different industrial concerns. The entrepreneurship of Saiham, consists of five directors, all from the same family. Although a company run and managed by sexual relations, the standard and strength of the steering does not compromise on its quality.Ashraf Textile mills Ltd. Ashraf fabric mills ltd is one of the some other company which is run and managed by relatives, the standard and efficiency of the management does not compromise on its quality. Addressed Ashraf Textile Mills Ltd. New DOSH, Mohakhali capital of Bangladesh 1212 Ph 9887051-53 Fax 9887033 3 3 . 0 Findings & compendium According to our report subject our main objective is identifying the difference surrounded by two companies financial statement. Also we want to find out which company is more stable & which is not stable.From the financial statement we mickle find out our requirements. In below we give our finding & analysis in basis of companys financial stateme nt. 3. 1 Analyze of Income Statement, Balance Sheet between two companiess In below we are going to discuss about the two companies proportion sheet, Income Statement & Cash flow comparison in a briefly 3. 1. 1 Balance Sheet Comparison Assets From the residuum sheet of the both companies we stick out identify that Ashraf framework had504,741,251 tk total summations in 2005 scarce on the other hand Saiham cloth had only425,320,371 tk total asset in 2003-2004.Next form Ashraf textile companies total asset was decreased and Saiham textile companys total assets improver and in 2007 Ashraf textile reached in167,726,578 tk whereas in 2005-2006 Saiham textiles total asset436,650,516 tk. For the total asset volume we can give tongue to that Saiham textile has more powerful quite a than Ashraf textile. Liability The total liability we precept that Ashraf textile had623,823,012 tk liabilities in 2005 & Saiham textile had152,581,718tk only in 2003-2004. Both companies liabi lities were also increase in neighboring form. But distinctly we can comments that Ashraf textile had least liability than the Saiham textile.How ever Saiham textile had the more Net asset than the Ashraf textile. share holders equity we can easily understand that Saiham textile had the more equity and it was 818,663,635 tk for 2004-06 & Ashraf textile had -1,123,244,182. So we can theorize that Saiham textile had the more investment in the market. 4 3. 1. 2 Income Statement Comparison From our income statement we can identify that Saiham textile has a hit 74,932,529tk in 2004 &52,001,246 tk in 2005 &57,295,427 tk in 2006. From this we can submit that the do good is decreasing by next two years.And this shows that sale for Saiham textile decreasing during the next two year. On the other hand Ashraf textile is in a detriment of-62,609,854 tk in 2005 & -122,738,787 tk in 2006 &-14,064,257 tk in 2007. They continue their business in loss where Saiham textile doin g their business with lucrativeness. 3. 1. 3 Analyzing Common Sizing & Indexing In common size analysis we express the motley components of a balance sheet as per centum of the total assets of the company. In addition this can be done for the income statement, save here items are releted to net sales.In Ashraf textile balance sheets over the three year span the percentage of veritable assets increased. On the other hand Saiham textile contemporary assets fluctuated. We percolate that Ashraf textile line receivable showed a relative diccreased from 2005 to 2007. Saiham textile account receivable flactuated from 2003-04 to 2005-2006. On the liability & equity portion of the balance sheets, Ashraf textile total debt of the company decline on a relative basis from 2005 to 2007. but Saiham textile total debt diccreased in 2004-2005 & increased in 2005-2006.The common size income statement show the stark(a) profit/loss margin from year to year. We take hold of that Ashra f textile operating expenses increase year to year & in 2007 increases sharply. whereas Saiham textile operating expenses diccreased in 2004-2005 & increase again in 2005-2006. In 2005-2007 Ashraf textiles net profit had negetive percentage, whereas Saiham textiles net profit increased. In indexes analysis all financial statement items are one C%. In 2006 & 2007 Ashraf textile ac acknowledgmented assets indexed is 91. 53 & 9. 95 whereas Saiham textile current assets s indexed is 116. 26 & 100. 3 in 2004-2005 & 2005-2006. The indexed income statements give much the same picture as the common size income statements namely, fluctuating behavior. In Ashraf textile income statement total gross loss indexed are 100, 196. 037491 & 22. 46332822 in 2005 , 2006 & 2007. Whereas Saiham textiles gross profit are 100, 69. 3974 & 76. 4626 in 2003-04, 2004-05 & 2005-2006. 5 4. 0 pecuniary Statement Analysis by ratio For the performance beat of Ashraf textile & Saiham textile mills Ltd. In below we are going to analysis about the two companies financial statement using ratio analysis.We used 11 methods to analyze the ratio. Here are belongs 4. 1 Liquidity symmetry i) authentic symmetry Current assets divided up by current liabilities. It shows a unfluctuatings ability to even off its current liabilities with its current assets. In below there is the graphical record of the two textile companys current ratio 0 0. 2 0. 4 ratio year current ratio(Ashraf textile) Series10. 32332 0. 13204 0. 16733 2005 2006 2007 01 2 ratio year current ratio(Saiham textile) Series11. 044 0. 764 0. 982 2003- 2004- 2005- From the graph we can see that Ashraf textile current ratio is 0. 32 times in 2005 and 0. 67 times in 2007. Here we see that current ratio has been decreased and go down in slight than 1. On the other hand Saiham textile current ratio is 1. 044 in 2003-04 & next two year stay remain but it also be below the 1 and from the Ashraf textile . In the last year for both company we suggested that the current liabilities cannot be covered if existing current asset are liquated at their book values. 6 ii)Quick proportion Current assets less inventories divided by current liabilities. It shows a bulletproofs ability to attain current liabilities with its most liquid assets. 0 0. 05 0. 1 0. 15 0. 2 ratio ye arQuick ratio(Ashraf textile) Series10. 197173 0. 069725 0. 138913 2005 2006 2007 0 0. 1 0. 2 0. 3 0. 4 ratio year Quick ratio(Saiham textile) Series10. 2643053 0. 15642413 0. 38213114 2003-2004 2004-2005 2005-2006 From the graph we can easily identify that in 2006 Ashraf textile & Saiham textile energetic ratio is decreased dramatically. We conjecture that in the last year of the both companys quick ratio increased. But Saiham textile has good position than the Ashraf textile. 4. 2 Financial Leverage debt ratio i)Debt-To-Equity Ratios that show the extent to which the home is financed by debt. 100 Ratio yearDebt to Equity(Ashraf textile) Series1-5. 239 -2. 17 -1. 253 2005 2006 2007 0 0. 51 Ratio year Debt to Equity(Saiham textile) Series10. 559443 0. 887395 0. 59995 2003- 2004- 2005- If we count the year 2007 of Ashraf textile, the ratio is -1. 253 that creditors are providing for each tk 1. In the case of Saiham textile in 2005- 2006 the ratio is 0. 599 that creditors are providing. So we can say that Ashraf textile is in a better position than the Saiham textile. 7 ii) Debt-To-Total Asset Ratio The debt to total asset ratio is derived by dividing a firms total debt by its total assets. 0246 ratio ear Sebt to Assets (Ashraf textile) Series11. 235926 1. 854987 4. 95805 2005 2006 2007 0 0. 2 0. 4 0. 6 ratio year Debt to Assets(Saiham textile) Series10. 358745 0. 470169 0. 374981 2003- 2004- 2005- From the graph we can sympathize that Ashraf textile ratio is more than Saiham textile in their last three year. We know that the high the debt to assets ratio, the greater the financial risk the overthrow the ratio, the lower the risk. So Ashraf textile has more risk than the Saiham textile. 4. 3 Coverage Ratio i) Interest Coverage Ratio Ratio earning before interest and taxes divided by interest charges.It indicates a firms ability to cover interest charges. It is also called times interest earned. 0 0. 51 1. 5 2 2. 5 3 ratio year Interest coverage(Ashraf textile) Series1 Series11. 7272998 2. 7067618 0. 3935626 2005 2006 2007 012345 ratio year Interest coverage(Saiham textile) Series14. 3453871 3. 1634257 2. 5946142 2003- 2004- 2005- This ratio serves as one measure of the firms ability to meet its interest payments and thus avoid bankruptcy. The higher the ratio the greater company could cover its interest payment without difficulty.So analyze after the two graphs we can said that Saiham textile has more interest coverage than the Ashraf textile Cement. Ashraf textile ratio is fluctuated highly in 2007. 8 4. 4 Activity Ratio i) Receivable Turnover the receivable overt hrow ratio provides insight into the equality of the firms receivables and how to successful the firm is in is collections. This ratio is cipher by dividing receivables into annual net credit sales. 0 20 40 60 80 100 cxx 140 years year Receivable turnover(Ashraf textile) Series1 101 6 one hundred twenty-five 2005 2006 2007 0 10 20 30 40 50 Day Ye ar Receivable turnover (Saiham textile)Series1 14 6 42 2003-2004 2004-2005 2005-2006 From the graph we can say that Ashraf textile stock their receivable money from the buyers within 101 days in 2005, 6 days in 2006 & 125 days in 2007. On the other, Saiham textile received within 14 day in 2003-2004, 6 day in 2004-2005 and 42 days in 2005-2006. Eventually we can say that Saiham textile was received money within short time rather than the Ashraf textile. ii) PAYABLE derangement There may be occasions when a firm wants to study in own promptness of payment to suppliers or that of a electric potential credit customer.This ratio is cal culated by dividing purchase into total A/C payable. 0 50000 100000 150000 200000 250000 300000 350000 four hundred000 Days year Payable turnover(Ashraf textile) Series1 138 276 360420 2005 2006 2007 05 10 15 20 25 30 35 Days year Payable turnover(Saiham textile) Series1 35 10 15 2003-2004 2004-2005 2005-2006 From the graph we can say that Ashraf textile paid their payable money to the sales within 138 days in 2005, 276 days in 2006 & 360420 days in 2007. On the other, Saiham textile paid within 35 day in 2003-2004, 10 day in 2004-2005 and 15 days in 2005-2006.Eventually we can say that Saiham textile was paid money within short time rather than the Ashraf textile. 9 iii) INVENTORY ACTIVITY To help determine how effectively the firm is managing muniment and also to gain an indication of the liquidity of inventory. This ratio is calculated by dividing inventory into COGS. 0 100 200 300 400 Days year Inventory Activity(Ashraf textile) Series1 60 53 369 2005 2006 2007 0 50 100 150 200 250 Days year Inventory Activity(Saiham textile) S eries1 170 225 176 2003-2004 2004-2005 2005- 2006 The figures tell us how many days, on average, before inventory is turned into accounts receivable through sales.Here we see that Ashraf textile was faster than Saiham textile in case of inventory activity. iv) TOTAL ASSET TURNOVER The blood of net sales to total assets is known as the total asset turnover, or capital turnover. 0 0. 1 0. 2 0. 3 0. 4 0. 5 0. 6 0. 7 ratio year Total asset turnover(Ashraf textile) Series10. 6780095 0. 4476056 0. 05087134 2005 2006 2007 0 0. 1 0. 2 0. 3 0. 4 0. 5 0. 6 0. 7 0. 8 ratio year Total Asset turnover(Saiham textile) Series10. 77632571 0. 56348701 0. 5969018 2003-2004 2004-2005 2005-2006 The median(a) total asset turnover for the industry is 1. 66.For this ratio analysis we saw that Ashraf textile & Saiham textile both are less effectual than the industry in this regard. On the other hand Saiham textile is in a better position than the Ashraf textile. 10 4. 5 favorableness Ratio i) PROFITABILITY RATIO IN RELATION TO SALES The ratio we take aim is the gross profit margin or simply gross profit divided by net sales. 0 0. 51 1. 5 2 2. 5 3 3. 5 4 ratio year positiveness in ratio to sales(Ashraf textile) Series12. 1829524 2. 6889593973. 648320722 2005 2006 2007 1. 74 1. 75 1. 76 1. 77 1. 78 1. 79 1. 8 1. 81 1. 82 1. 83 ratio year favourableness in relation to ales(Saiham textile) S eries11. 773060426 1. 820902862 1. 780171958 2003- 2004 2004- 2005 2005- 2006 It is a measure of the efficiency of the firms operations, as well as an indication of how products are priced. From the above graphs we saw that Ashraf textile has relatively more effective at producing and selling products above cost.ii)PROFITABILITY RATIO IN RELATION TO INVESTMENT this profitability ratio relates profits to investment. One of those measures is the rate of return on investment, or return on asset. -2 -1. 5 -1 0. 50 ratio year Profitability i n relation to investment(Ashraf textile) S eries1-0. 35798631 -0. 507839396 -1. 707107588 2005 2006 2007 0 0. 005 0. 01 0. 015 0. 02 0. 025 ratio year Profitability in relation to investment(Saiham textile) Series10. 023235772 0. 018004789 0. 023118956 2003- 2004 2004- 2005 2005- 2006 The standard ratio compares for this is nearly 8%. From our analysis we found that Saiham textile ratio simply fluctuates. Their percentage is not so good. On the other handAshraf textile had negative percentage from 2005- 2007. 11 5. 0Conclusion We look the analysis of Ashraf textile & Saiham textile mills ltd. We see that the liquidity position is nit good both of the company.Comparatively Saiham textile better than Ashraf textile mills ltd. Ashraf textile mills ltd. should change the credit policy & seemly use of its assets. The profitability ratio of Ashraf textile mills ltd. Good than the Saiham textile mills ltd. The company should avoid the use of debt otherwise company would be fall int o bankruptcy. 12 6.Bibliography i) Annual report- -Ashraf textile mills ltd. For the year of 2005, 2006 & 2007. -Saiham textile mills ltd. For the year of 2003- 2004, 2004-2005 & 2005-2006. ii) Fundamental of financial management (Twelfth edition) -James C. Van Horne & John M

Organizational Transformation Issues In A Health Care Clinic

CONTENTSPages ASSIGNMENT BRIEF 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3 GLOSSARY OF TERMS 4-5 1. 0. INTRODUCTION 6 1. 1. OBJECTIVES 7 1. 2. METHODOLOGY 8 2. 0. LITERATURE REVIEW 9-25 3. 0. ANALYSIS 26-30 4. 0 REFLECTION 31 REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHY ASSIGNMENT BRIEFORGANIZATIONAL vicissitude ISSUES IN A HEALTH CARE CLINIC (CASE STUDY). EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This paper is ground on the theme need Organizational Transformation in a Health C be Clinic w here direction, is the many ecesisal transformational emergences that bind space during an presidential termal victimisation and transformational reposition of the Health C atomic number 18 Clinic. fit to Anderson and Ackerman (200139-40 & 50), transformational adjustment is defined as a completely rude(a) way the physical composition and its great deal chitchat the world, their customers, their do work and themselves. For brass instrumental deepen to be successful the procedure would use up variety shows that would affect employees behavio ur, how they think and the musical arrangements culture thus education many transformational sequels much(prenominal) as forgetership issues, communication issues, formulation and tuition issues, and heathen issues. GLOSSARY demeanoursThe way in which plurality in the organization act in terms of what they do and say that brings the strategy and craved culture to life ControlsWhat gets measured and rewarded channelise To alter, modify or transform CultureThe congeries of tenderly transmitted behavior patterns, arts, beliefs of an institutions FacilitateTo make something easier to do GoalsThe objectives or bottoms that the organization is trying to get LeadershipThe ability to guide, direct and influence persons centeringPersons in cathexis of organizing and controlling the affairs of a business or a celestial sphere of a business MissionThe purpose of the organizationOrganizationA body of persons organized for some particular(prenominal) purpose Organization incre ase (OD)A primarily behavioural science border on to mean organizational turn that is composed of traditional OD and inject OD ( Krell 1981) Organizational Transformation (OT)Change that involves transformative transposes in the fundamental constitution of the organization and requires completely new ways of thinking, behaving and perceiving by members of the organization Realignment To readjust or permute something to fit assorted circumstances StrategyThe approach that the organization is adopting to get through the goals that support the strategy ValuesThe underlying principles and ethics that drive the organization passel A picture of a desired future state that is sufficiently appealing and compelling to drive compound forward 1. 0. INTRODUCTIONORGANISATIONAL TRANSFORMATION groundwork be defined as a fundamental shift key in the way business delivers clipping value to its customers and s plowholders resulting in dramatic sort strategy, goes, engineering scie nce and utilisation and management of human re computer addresss to meet the inevitably of the world(prenominal) economy. ORGANISATIONAL DEVELOPMENT is a system wide application and conveyancing of behavioural science knowledge to the planned increment, improvement and livelihood of the strategies, complex body parts and growthes that lead to governing bodyal effectiveness. Many organizations of today go done inter ex departs because of circumstances, wanting to be lessen more(prenominal) developed and/or advanced or simply because of wanting to give the axe with the time.Management of the health assist clinic initiated an organizational development programme because of problems originating from the application of new-made engineering science to the mull overs of health check technologists. It was discovered that employees of the bio alchemy department were greatly dissatisfied because of their odour of having their skills underutilized, having cultural differences with opposite rung members, having communication barriers and non having logical argument contests present. The organizational development staff and the manager agreed that craft re objective should take place to bring more autonomy, control, feedback and meaningfulness to the work for the employees of the clinic.Over a period of two years evaluation of the results by the organizational development staff build that line of work characteristics and satisf bodily process declined for both concourses that were involved in the transformational change process. changing surrounds of an organization has effect on the organization and the organizations environment thus creating many transformational issues. Transformational issues embarrass leading issues, cultural issues, communication issues, cultural issues and formulation and development issues. 1. 1. OBJECTIVES 1-To identify the organizational transformational issues that argon involved in the change in the health fore boding clinic 2-To evaluate change executing and intervention strategies at a health care clinic. 1. 2. METHODOLOGYThe police detective in the context of this case study has opted to use the phenomenological approach as unlike to a positivistic approach (Collis and Hussy 2003). Triangulation-the use of more than one mode or source of selective education in the study of a phenomenon so that findings washbasin be cross checked Bryman (2008 pg. 700) Triangulation method of entropy collection provide be used stack away soft and quantitative data from both primary and secondary sources for example utilise unstructured questions and interviews. A variety or books, theoretical and analytical tools and techniques leave behind be used. The research conducted being a case study the data collection pass on be consequence on the evidence as purposeed in the case study. Random sampling s pop the questioned by Saunders et al fecal matter non be validated, in that for quantitative research the sample size essential be of at to the lowest degree 95% in order to notice realistic or quantifiable data and it whitethorn be atrocious and slight accurate to do otherwise. 2. 0. LITERATURE REVIEW The core issues which result guide the facilitation of policy development, plans and programs for the organisational result include the under mentioned factors Lewins(1951) force land analysis demonstrates the two key external forces that push organisations into change topographic prognosticates save counteracting, resisting forces are often arisen from inside organisations when the changes are attempted and that change occurs when the crusade forces out number resisting forces.This force field is propagated on the idea that social situations crumb be agnizen as equilibria that are periodically disturbed when changes to the situation are attempted. The concept of change as modification of these forces keeping a systems behaviour stable. The two groups of forces are those striving to state the status quo and those pushing for change. A state of quasi-stationary equilibrium as coined by Lewin(1951) is achieved when both sets of forces are almost equal and current behaviours and attitudes are maintained. FIG. 1 BELOW REFERS. Kurt Lewin (1951) set collar stages of behaviour modification in a simplistic change management ensample is seen in the table 1 below. LEWIN(1951)THREE STAGE focal point TABLE. (TAB. ) UnfreezingIs concerned mainly with selling the change and provides a motive for groups and separates to change their attitudes, systems, behaviours values and structures. The unfreezing stage will be greatly accelerated if it is recognised that the need for change is immediate, clear and the survival of the organisation depends upon it. MovingIs concerned with recognising what the new attitudes and desirable practise, norms and behaviours should be and communicating it and advance others in the organisation to embrace and own it as new play needfuls. This reflection rear occur through assimilation and exposure to new concepts or from idiosyncratics with dissimilar perspectives. RefreezingThis stage is the final and stabilising stage of the change implying reinforcement of the new behaviours.Evoking cocksure reinforcements such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as rewards and praise. For negative reinforcement such as sanctions for indiscipline or deviant attitudes. SourceMullins,Laurie J. (1997) Management and Organisational Behaviour 9th. Edition. FT/ learner Hall . Again, Lewin(1951) suggested that for change to be successful on that point must(prenominal) be group activity. Unless group norms are transformed at that place will be no sustenance to exclusive proceedings and without reinforcements change washbasin be short-lived. Employees are beginning to accept that the time has come for change and the changes must be made so that the organisation can lie viable. Schein (1988) clay sculptur e of change outlined the pivotal role of the change agent.Schein (1988) represented each stage of Lewins (1951) model by expressing the dynamics of individual change and how imperative it is for change agent to manage these changes (see table 2 below) the change agent can be seen as the coach, facilitator and motivator assisting individuals through the change can be seen as the coach, facilitator and motivator assisting individuals through the change. agree to Scheins(1988) model the first stage the change agent assists with motivating the individual by disconfirming their behaviours, attitudes and executeance. Stage two emphasises the need to get employees to perform tasks differently and in reality engaging belief that changing norms and working habits can effectively improve their performance.At Stage trine the change agent dish outs the employee to change his thought patterns by integrating new and easily defined behaviours. self conceptualisation and reinforced performa nce standards are confirmed. Schein (1988) believes that none of these stages are nonresistant to self management unless need the intervention of change agents. In stillance, cummings and Worley (2005) planned change concept outlined how change can be implemented in organisations. This action research model places difficult emphasis on gathering and diagnosing data prior to action planning and implementation and on assessment of results after action is taken. The action research model describes change as a cyclical process involving joint activities amid employees and organisational ractitioners. Figure 2 below compares Lewin (1951) change model to other models of planned change such as the positive model and the action research model all of which describes the phases by which planned change occurs in organisations. Initiation of successful organisational change modified restructuring strategies and organisational efficiencies can be envisaged through these theories. In this mo del many misuses overlap and act in practise. This simple model has been used to analyse and manage change and can be useful at times. However, it tends to treat mass as the objects of manipulation and does not involve them in the change process at all.All three approaches emphasises the application of behavioural science knowledge, involve organisation members in the change process to varying degrees and recognise that the interaction between an organisation and a consultant constitutes an intervention that affects the organisation. Lewins(1951) change model approach differs from the other two models in that it deals with the general process of planned change whereas the others target specific organisational development(OD) activities. To manage strategical change effectively, it is important to understand its causes. deuce main classifications of the causes of change are outlined by the following theorists 1) Tichys(1983) four main causes of strategic change 2) Kanter, Stein and Jicks(1992) three dynamics for strategic change. According to Tichy (1983) four main triggers for changeTICHY(1983) TRIGGERS FOR CHANGE Environment- shift in the economy, competitive pressures and legislative changes can lead to demands for strategic change. Business relationships-alliances, acquisitions, value chain linkages or core competencies. Technology People-new entrants whitethorn feature different educational or cultural backgrounds or expectations that require change. SourceMullins, Laurie,J. (1997) Management and Organisational Behaviour 9th. Edition FT/ apprentice Hall. (TABLE 3) Tichy(1983) suggests that change is not and needed in such circumstances scarcely can be managed to produce effective results. Kanter, Stein and Jick(1992)identified three causes of strategic change Environment-changes here compared with the situation in the organisation can lead to demands for strategic change.Life musical rhythm differences-changes in one partitioning or part of the organisation as it moves into a phase of its life cycle that is different from another division may necessitate change. Typically, change issues related to the size, shape and influence of such parts and involve coordination and resource allocation issues between them. Political fountain changes inside the organisation-individuals, groups and other stakeholders may struggle for force-out to make decisions or enjoy the benefits associated with the organisation. For example, shifts in strategy from production oriented to customer oriented would be accompanied by a shift in the power balance between those two functions.The researcher suggested that the causes were constantly shifting, sometimes late and at other times faster. Kanter, Stein and Jicks(1992) theory can be directly related to the Health care clinic as the organisation go through the process of change as it relates to the external environment changes so too must the organisation, as one part of the organisation change s o too must other parts of the organisation change to catch up. Internal and external factors influence changes. Kanter, Stein and Jick (1992) identified three major forms taken by the change process. They linked these three categories of people involved in the change process, to produce a three stage process for managing change.These three forms were 1)The changing identity of the organisation. 2)Coordination and transition issues as an organisation moves through its life cycle. 3)Controlling the political aspects of the organisation. The three major categories of people involved in the change process I. Change strategists-those responsible for star strategic change in the organisation. They may not only be responsible for implementation. II. Change implementers those who hold direct obligation for change management. III. Change recipients- those who receive the change programme with varying degrees of anxiety depending on the nature of the change and how it is presented.Kanter, Stein and Jick(1992) offer one way of structuring and managing aspects of the change process. However, these categories of people only give limited indicators of how to manage the process. Kanter, Stein and Jicks(1992) model may be suited to major changes than the more common ongoing process. According to Cummings and Worley (2005) there are five major activities involved in order to lead and manage change and they are done in the order in which they are performed. These in order of priority are ? Motivating change. ?Creating a vision. ?Developing political support. ?Managing the transition. ?Sustaining momentum. A major point to note is that in this model, overcoming opposite to change is required early in the change.The change process in the organisation can be sternly affected by subway to change. People tend to very unwilling to move from their perceived comfort zone to some unforeseen place as it relates to change thereby begging the questions of whether their contri simp lyions will mean anything for them in the future. Albrecht (1983) provided an interesting model of change in which organisations undergo the change cycle. Individuals in any case experience symptoms of change response cycle. This cycle is prevalent when change is set(p) or imposed by management and internal and external forces. ( put off 4 below refers. ) (TABLE4) SourceCummings, Thomas G. nd Christohper G. Worley,(2005) Organisation Development and Change 8th. Edition-,Thomson Southwestern. The six box model of change was introduced by Weisbord (1978) as a diagnostics tool to measure organisational effectiveness and looks at the inter-related elements at bottom the organisation. Purpose. Is the representation of the organisation and an understanding of the employees agreement and commitment to it. Leadership.. Includes the behavior and integrity of the employee and their ability to be goal oriented. Structure . -Displays the organisational chart, reporting styles and systems, suppose responsibility and delegation of authority Relationship. Are those of the employees in the organisation unneurotic with their norms, behavioural patterns, conflict management and their degrees of inter dependence Rewards. -Represent what the organisation inescapably to rewards both in real and psychological terms and include incentives for doing the near thing Helpful Mechanisms. -Are the different and varied formal procedures and management systems that monitor lizard and coordinate the organisations work. . According to Kotter(1995) there are eightsome steps to transforming an organisation. SourceCummings, Thomas G. and Christohper G. Worley,(2005) Organisation Development and Change 8th. Edition-,Thomson Southwestern.Kotter(1995) suggests that for change to be successful 75% of the companys management needs to buy into the change and really work hard at step and spend significant time and energy building urgency in the lead moving into the other steps. Dont panic and jump in too fast because you dont want to risk further short term losses, if you act without being properly prepared, you could be in for a bumpy ride As a result of change many times there is the issue of conflict arising. Conflict is inevitable just as change and assuming that organisational goals are broadly dersiable , there are two aspects of conflict that are relevant and leadinghip must take cogniscance of. According to Hunt (1986) conflict can be extremely desirable, it can energise relationships and clarify issues. Conflict can be plastic as well as destructive. the constructive effects of conflict are hat it can introduce different solutions to problems, power relationships can be defined more clearly,it can encouragecreativity and testing of ideas,it focuses attention on individual contributions, it brings emotions out in the open and it provides opportunities for the release of hostile feelings that may have been, or may be, repressed otherwise. Conflict can have negative effects as it may distract attention from the task, it can polorise views and fall away the group, odjectives may be subverted in favour of secondary goals,it encourages defensive or spoiling behaviour,it may result in the disintegration of the group and it can foster emotional, win-lose within the group. duty design involves the planning of the job. This includes its contents, the methods of performing the job and how it relates to other jobs in the organization (Rahim 2001).Job design and redesign main focus is to put together the needs of the employees that are involved in the different jobs with the production necessitate of the organization in mind. One of the main aims of job redesign is to supply the organizations workers with significant work that fit effectively into the period of the organization. Enriching, enlarging or simplifying are as well as goals of job redesign. For the improvement of performance job redesign theory focuses on, job rotation and job en largement. As in the case it was shown that the general feeling of the employees of the clinic was that there was an absence of job challenge and that technology had alter the work to be done.According to Herzbergs theory of motivating, workers motivation to work depends on the nature of the work and how challenging it is. Lack of this challenge will allow employees to become disenchanted with their job thus having a negative pretend on organizational transformation. Having job challenges will help in motivating the employee to work. Adair (2004) believes that motivation comes from within a person but is fuelled by external factors eg. having work challenges to be able to align themselves to achieve a specific goal, (the goal being a challenge but yet it is attainable by the employee). Job rotation where the employees will be allowed to work on different tasks or in different departments.This will increase job satisfaction and would have helped the employees as they would have ha d the opportunity to perform different tasks, thus inhibiting boredom on the job. Learning will to a fault take place as employees also learn new tasks and have different responsibilities with job rotation. Job enlargement whether horizontal or vertical would also lead to a more successful organizational transformation as it would also help in giving the employees a challenge as they will have more to do. Time is also drawn-out so that the challenge of doing more is realistic. Self esteem will be contributed to as the employee would be entrusted with exercising judgement thus having added responsibility for tasks.Job design and redesign is mainly done by the management of the organization who are responsible for making decisions about how to design those jobs ( Mintzberg 1973) as they see fit. Although managers would have more influence and control over job design than they do over structure, technology, culture, relationships and people ( Hackman & Oldham 1980), the time and atte ntion of managers would still be greatly needed (Dutton & Ashford, 1993). Pfeffer(1994) believed that the depending on how managers make decisions about job design, it can be a liability or a potential source of competitive advantage for organizations however, many managers often use simplified work as the default approach to designing jobs (Campion & Stevens, 1991). 3. 0. ANALYSIS/FINDINGSThe researcher in her analysis of the case study of the particular health care clinic desire to ascertain where the problems were and attempts to ascribe the requisite solutions. There were certain strengths as well as considerable weaknesses associated with the case study. It was found that Lewins(1951) models were followed to the letter in the structure of this health care clinic and that factors outside these frameworks were not used thereby creating straightforward gaps. TECHNOLOGY Tichys(1983) four main triggers of successful strategic change identifies technology as an important driver in the change. As is the situation in the case study it was found that with the advent of new modern technology strengths as well as weaknesses are abound.The medical technologists in the bio chemistry department were either inept with the new technology or were not prepared for the imposition of the new technology thereby dissatisfaction was wide spread, which can be seen as another weakness. Technological shifts can substantially impact on the quality or content of the work and may finally influence the factors that affect survivability of the organisation. SOURCES OF DISSATISFACTION Paragraph 2 of the case study identifies some(prenominal) sources of dissatisfaction among the technologists that were of concern. The under mention identifies the concerns together with the possible cause and effect and in all probability solutions. Under utilisation in their work-this can be seen as a weakness in the organisation and could have been possible as the OD staff failed and or neglected t o take into consideration issues such as job design and redesign RAHIM (2001), job rotation, job enrichment, job enlargement and job evaluation on employees at the health care clinic. Communication within the laboratories was insufficient-it is apparent that the communication channels between laboratories were severed or perhaps were insufficient. As such the OD experts should have embarked on team building workshops and organisational development seminars and sufficient enough training and development exercises. Work wasnt evenly distributed- this would suggest that there was a certain lack of supervision in the laboratories and there was a also-ran to have equity distribution in assignment and management of tasks. The issues of expertness management and production planning are areas that OD experts should have looked at. medical exam staff didnt treat them with the respect that they deserve-this clearly suggests that the medical staff felt that the technologists were their subo rdinates and felt that way because the technologists may be less remunerated as compared to the medical staff. As such OD staff should take into consideration issues such as reward management systems, chastity recognition eg. Employee of the month, performance pays system, team based pay and a broad performance related merit system of remuneration. The advent of technology had had simplified the work to the point that it no longer seemed to require the level of training common among medical technologists-this would suggest that technologists should have had enhanced training in other skill sets or multi skill training which would give them the extended capacity to build manpower capacity. Studies in personnel management publications-there is no such evidence in the case study to suggest that there were any studies in the personnel management literature carried out. Job challenge was a primary cause of job turnover-this is an issue really of job retention as opposed to job attriti on. By looking at performance appraisal strengths and weakness can be determined.In looking at job turnover OD require job retention, job security and career and talent management. LEADERSHIP The art of leadership is saying no, not yes. It is very easy to say yes. (TONY BLAIR, 1994) Are leaders born or made? Trait (1950) theory seems to suggest that leaders are born and not made, yet Stodgill(1949) and Mann (1959) suggests that there are some relationship between the traits possessed by leaders and their performance. The Trait (1950) theory that leaders are born failed under scrutiny (Zaccaro, 2007). Kirkpatrick and Locke (1991) having examined existing literature on leadership suggests that there are six leadership traits.They are 1-Drive 2-Leadership motivation 3-Honesty and integrity 4-Self confidence 5-Cognitive ability 6-Knowledge of the business As in the case study there is no clear reading material as to the leader (Weisbord 1978) of the change process as it is reputed tha t the OD staff had discussions with the managers. clear no one took charge of the change process from the onset of the planned change. There is no evidence to suggest whether the OD staffs were adequately fitted to conduct such a change process or whether the interviews were conducted professionally. discourse Communication is a key component in the facilitation of any change process.For this reason communication is heightened importance when change is needed. Bordia et al (2004) suggests that communication during change is vital to manage employee uncertainty and feelings of loss of control. As was the case in this case study there is hardly any evidence to suggest that there was a proper reporting structure so that information on the change initiatives were being communicated to the technologists by the OD experts. To this end came the issue of the readiness for change as this is an important indicator to coping with resistance to change so suggests Armenakis, Harris and Mossho lde(1993). Communication strategies need to emphasize two messages.They are 1- The need for the change, that is, indicating what the organisation is doing as opposed to what it should be doing and 2- The ability to change successfully, that is, it is important that the employees believe that the change could be done thereby encouraging them to make the extra effort. TIMEFRAME Apart from using volunteers to assist in the analysing of the data which is in itself questionable as there is evidence that they are overworked and not properly remunerated. The OD staff administered questionnaires which asked for confidential opinion as opposed to change or job analysis questions and there is no indication of its contents. These questionnaires sought only quantitative data.Whether the truth will be create verbally on those questionnaires is anybodys guess as there is no constitution of the data. There is no clear definition as to the timeline for the project and no implementation plan. The random sampling data collecting took two months seems to be incredibly long for such an exercise. To suggest that two years subsequently the OD staff evaluated the results of the change program was incredulous to say the least as this was certainly not an effort in organisational transformation but rather an incremental change plan. This was an exercise that was limited in scope, time and cost thereby failing to meet its objectives. RESISTENCE TO CHANGEResistance to change is a astray used term that generally gives a bad or a negative connotation. It us usually asked of employees to change something in the organisation that they may have been comfortable with for their entire life. That change will not come easy at all, there will be some misgiving and fight and may even be the source of collective group action like strikes and industrial action by employees. This is not needfully a bad thing. Ford and Ford(2009) suggests that resistors to change should not be unmarked but that resistance should be taken in a positive light and accepted as a form of feedback that can actually build and encourage the change process.Pockets of resistance can also be found with the Lewin (1951) model of unfreezing, moving and refreezing. As the activity of unfreezing comes to an end resistance is usually found as employees attempt to move. This is quite natural as without proper communicating many are unsure of their future especially the employees who have fallen into their comfort zone. As with the case study there was a definite feature of resistance to change. 4. 0. REFLECTION This change process was a failure from its inception because the very basic of protocols were not adopted. The OD staff sought to enlist volunteers who do not have the requisite educational capacity to carry out that vital function of collecting and analysing data.The human resources department should have been the ones directly involved in the change process. The change agent should have been enga ged who is a highly dexterous professional in organisational development to lead the drive towards organisational transformation. In this case study the data collected would at best be unscientific and unrealistic to say the least. Change, whether planned or emergent can take a number of forms, each of which requires a different type of action. Utilising collective methods of action research together with capacity building and the will to include people in the change process will go a long way in achieving successful change.In conclusion it must be said that there are unprecedented opportunities and challenges in the health care industry for which organisational development (OD) practitioners must be aware of and as such there can be significant positive growth and development by linking strategic activities of the organisation towards the direction of organisational transformation. Organisational transformation can also be achieved by being able to facilitate integration of people and processes across traditional department and organisational boundaries and by acknowledging competencies and integrity. REFERENCES ATKINSON, P. E. (1990) CREATING CULTURAL CHANGE MANAGEMENT SERVICES VOL. 34 NO. 7, PP. 6-10.BPP PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION- ORGANISATIONS AND BEHAVIOUR SUPPORTIND FOUNDATION DEGREES, mandatory UNIT 3 P. 185.. 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