Airport Security: the Post 9/11 Age

Airport Security: The Post 9/11 Age Airport security in the world we live in today is drastically different then the security we knew before the events of September 11, 2001, when four passenger airliners were high-jacked over the skies of the United States, causing a global terror pandemic that still has long lasting effects today. We will look at, discuss and break down some of the key features of airport security in Canada as well as the United States, that have been improved, as well as certain security programs and features which were freshly implemented as a direct result.We will discuss â€Å"no-fly lists,† personnel training and armament, and the Canadian Air Transport Security Authority or â€Å"CATSA,† including their security screening techniques and procedures (screening, responsibilities, Air Marshalls). The â€Å"No-Fly List† was created shortly after the events of 9/11, by the United States government’s Terrorist Screening Center (TSC). The list includes the names of people who are deemed unsafe, or a threat to Airline security and are no longer permitted to board a commercial airline for the purpose of travel coming in or out of the United States.The list now contains roughly 10,000 names (2011), the number people on the list fluctuates based on threat, and intelligence reporting. Canada also has a similar list called the â€Å"Passenger Protect,† a similar initiative to that of the United States list, implemented on June 18, 2007 in order to identify people who could be a threat to the security of aviation, and prevent them from boarding Canadian domestic flights as well as International flights to or from Canada.The Passenger Protect program has two main parts: a set of â€Å"Identity Screening Regulations† which requires all passengers 18 years of age and older to present a valid form of government-issued Identification in order to board a flight, as well as a â€Å"Specified Persons List† whic h has a name, birth date, and gender of the individuals believed to pose a security threat. The list contains roughly 1,250 names. Individuals who have been denied boarding and are in fact on the list can submit an appeal to a branch of Transport Canada, called the Office of Reconsideration.The program works by the government supplying the Specified Persons List to Airlines, who then compare names of people on the list with individuals who intend on boarding flights. When the airline finds a name match, they then reference the individual’s government-issued identification to confirm. The identification is then once more confirmed in person at the airport check-in area, when a confirmation has been established Transport Canada is immediately notified.Training is also provided by Transport Canada to the airlines to teach staff and agents how to implement the ID verification process, and establish procedures to ensure the rights of the passengers are respected. Of course with a system like this, controversy is brought up by civil liberty organizations citing their concerns for civil liberties, racial profiling, privacy, and the perceived failure of the no-fly list created in the United States. In the United States, several anomalies’ referred to as â€Å"false positives† have risen.A â€Å"false positive† happens when an individual who is actually not on the no-fly list, has a name matching or similar to a name on the list. One notable case of a false positive includes a United States Marine in April of 2006, who was flying home from Iraq when he was prohibited from boarding his flight home, as his name matched one on the no-fly list. The lists, although very controversial both here in Canada and in the United States play an important role in establishing airport/airline safety and security, and ensuring an event such as the attacks on September 11, 2001 will not re-occur.Secondly, the way Security Personnel are trained and armed has b een drastically affected in the post 9/11 world. In the United States, immediately after the attacks for several weeks to months afterwards, fully armed guards, either Local Police or National Guard would patrol airports in full tactical gear wielding assault rifles or tactical shotguns. In Canada the response was similar, however not as fully extended as in the United States.In Canada today, the Canadian Air Transport Security Authority (CATSA) which is thoroughly explained in the next topic, handles all screening procedures by hiring third party private security firms to conduct screening. Our general airport security providing safety is executed by local Police forces. The RCMP once used to handle all general airport security, now only handles a few airports including Edmonton International Airport. Edmonton International Airport has a detachment of the RCMP located on site to ensure a quick and proper response to emergencies, ecurity and policing needs. The Police members on sit e are trained in emergency preparedness in order to be able to respond to a wide range of situations, including terrorism attacks. In addition to human Police officers, many airports such as Edmonton’s, implement canine members for certain situations such as sniffing out drugs, weapons, people, and explosives. In Edmonton specifically, at the RCMP airport detachment, they have Badge, a German Sheppard trained in attacking criminals, searching for lost people or baggage, as well as the ability to sniff out 15 different explosives.As well as the main goal of airport security of keeping a safe and problem free environment, security also includes Emergency Response Services (ERS). Fire and medical services are always ready at a moment’s notice 24 hours a day, 365 days a year for emergencies such as fires, aircraft mayday emergencies, and terrorist attacks. The Emergency Response Services are always highly trained and outfitted with top of the line vehicles and equipment to deal with any situation, and all have requirements and policies on stringent response times.An example of the preparedness by the ERS in Edmonton is their ability to make it from the fire hall located on site to the mid-point on the furthest runway in 3 minutes. Finally, as a direct result of the attacks of September 11, 2001 we seen the formation of the Canadian Air Transport Security Authority or â€Å"CATSA,† in December 2001, introduced by then Finance Minister Paul Martin, which included a very comprehensive plan aimed at enhancing economic and personal security in Canada.In April of 2002 CATSA took over responsibility of passenger and employee screening, although they still hire private security companies to do much of the screening, CATSA still oversees training and equipment available. CATSA states their mission is â€Å"to protect the public by securing critical elements of the air transportation system†¦ † Their responsibilities can be grouped into four major areas; Pre-board screening, hold baggage screening, non-passenger screening, and Restricted Area Identity Cards.Pre-board screening is done by Private Security firms hired and governed by CATSA, their tasks include getting all carry-on items coming onto an aircraft to go through X-ray, individuals must then pass through metal detectors and physical searches can and will be executed if an alarm is raised either through the metal detector, or random selection. Full body scanners are also used to reveal weapons, objects or explosives hidden under or within clothing. CATSA also implements the use of Explosive Detection Trace (EDT) technology at security checkpoints; this involves a quick swabbing of carry-on items or hands to test for explosives.Hold-Baggage Screening (HBS) is another major area of CATSA, this is what happens to our baggage once it has been checked in and is on its way to be loaded onto the aircraft. This is the process of screening all checked baggage using a co mbination of state-of-the-art explosive detection technology, as well as highly trained security personnel. During HBS the density of baggage is tested as well as additional testing for trace amounts of chemicals. HBS is currently in full deployment in 89 airports across Canada since 2006, for all domestic and international flights.CATSA is responsible for the instillation, deployment and renovations of HBS systems as well as regulatory compliance monitoring. Another major area of CATSA is non-passenger screening (NPS), this is required by Transport Canada starting back in 2004 and involves the random screening of people who work at the airports, these people can include flight crews, airport crews, caterers, maintenance workers, and baggage handlers. This subjects employees to unpredictable security screenings at entry points within airport restricted areas, the screening process is similar to that of the passenger screening, and also includes an Identification check.CATSA states t hat they screen 2,500 employees a day out of the 100,000 employees who have access to secure areas in Canadian airports. They also state that this program is continually evolving, as the only constant is â€Å"the cooperation needed between screening officers and non-passengers. † The fourth noted area of CATSA is the Restricted Area Identity Card (RAIC) program, which is constantly advancing through the use of biometric scanners. The RAIC program uses state-of-the-art duel biometric scanner identification programs to ensure the identity of the personnel who have restricted access.The program includes cards with built-in microchips to store biometric information of fingerprint and iris scanner templates. The RAIC program has been fully functional since January 31, 2007 in over 28 major airports in Canada. It’s notable that the biometric technology used here is also utilized in non-passenger screening and these two programs work in conjunction with one another. CATSA al so jointly implements the Canadian Air Carrier Protective Program (CACPP) with Transport Canada; this program is similar to that of the U.S. Sky Marshall Program. This program strategically places highly trained, armed, undercover RCMP members, also known as In-Flight Security Officers (IFSOs), on Canadian registered commercial airliners. IFSOs mandate is to be able to successfully prevent the aircraft from being taken over by an unauthorized individual(s), as well as gather and interpret intelligence on terrorist and criminal activity within civil aviation. In conclusion, airport security in North America and the world will continue to grow and prosper.In the post 9/11 world today, policies and procedures will only grow tighter and more stringent in an effort to prevent terrorism. From no-fly lists created to prevent the wrong people from boarding passenger planes, to tighter and better trained local Police and Security personnel on the front lines preforming screening, security an d emergency response services. To government initiatives like the Canadian Air Transport Security Authority providing important and well-rounded security systems from x-ray scanners to In-Flight Security Officers, the airline industry has never been more stringent in counter terrorism.References Airport screening: 9/11 response. (n. d. ). In CBC News; the fifth estate. Retrieved October 25, 2012, from http://www. cbc. ca/fifth/fastenseatbelts/security. html No fly list. (n. d. ). In Wikipedia. Retrieved October 25, 2012, from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/No_Fly_List Passenger Protect. (n. d. ). In Wikipedia. Retrieved October 25, 2012, from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Passenger_Protect Security Screening. (n. d. ). In Canadian air transport security authority. Retrieved October 25, 2012, from http://www. atsa-acsta. gc. ca/Page. aspx? ID=7&pname=Screening_Controle&lang=en Canadian air carrier protective program. (n. d. ). In Transport Canada. Retrieved October 25, 2012, from ht tp://www. tc. gc. ca/eng/aviationsecurity/page-186. htm Gazette magazine – the canadian air carrier protective program . (n. d. ). In RCMP-GRC. Retrieved October 25, 2012, from http://www. rcmp-grc. gc. ca/gazette/vol70n3/air-eng. htm Emergency response. (n. d. ). In Fly EIA. Retrieved October 25, 2012, from http://www. flyeia. com/emergency_response. aspx

Acids, Bases and Salts

A chemical substance (typically, a corrosive or sour-tasting liquid) that neutralizes alkalis, dissolves some metals, and turns litmus red. Ionic Dissociation: Dissociation in chemistry and biochemistry is a general process in which ionic compounds (complexes, or salts) separate or split into smaller particles, ions, or radicals, usually in a reversible manner. Strength of Acids: The strength of an  acid  refers to its ability or tendency to lose a proton. There are very few strong acids. A strong acid is one that completely ionizes in  water. In contrast a weak acid only partially dissociates.Examples of strong acids  are  hydrochloric acid  (HCl),  hydroiodic acid  (HI),  hydrobromic acid  (HBr),  perchloric acid  (HClO4),  nitric acid  (HNO3) and  sulfuric acid  (H2SO4). In water each of these essentially ionizes 100%. The stronger an acid is, the more easily it loses a proton, H+. Two key factors that contribute to the ease of deprotonation are the   polarity  of the H—A bond and the size of atom A, which determines the strength of the H—A bond. Acid strengths are also often discussed in terms of the stability of the conjugate base. Sulfonic acids, which are organic oxyacids, are a  class  of strong acids.A common example is toluenesulfonic acid  (tosylic acid). Unlike sulfuric acid itself, sulfonic acids can be solids. Superacids  are acids stronger than 100% sulfuric acid. Examples of superacids arefluoroantimonic acid,  magic acid  and  perchloric acid. Superacids can permanently protonate water to give ionic, crystalline  hydronium  Ã¢â‚¬Å"salts†. Basicity of an Acid: Basicity of an acid refers to the  number of replaceable hydrogen atoms  in one molecule of the acid. 3 common types of Basicity of an acid Monobasic Definition: 1 molecule produce  1 H+ ion  upon dissociation Example:  HCl, HNO3 Dissociation Equation: HCl(aq) –> H+(aq) + Cl-(aq)Dibasic Definition: 1 molecule produce  2 H+  ion upon dissociation Example:  H2SO4 Dissociation Equation: Figure it out yourself!! Tribasic Definition: 1 molecule produce  3 H+  ion upon dissociation Example:  H3PO4 Dissociation Equation: H3PO4(aq) –> 3H+(aq) + PO4 3-(aq) Alkali: An alkali is a base in an aqueous solution or a chemical compound which is water soluble and neutralizes or effervesces with acids and turns litmus blue; typically, a caustic or corrosive substance of this kind such as lime or soda. Examples of alkalis include NaOH (Sodium Hydroxide), NH3(Ammonia) and KOH (Potassium Hydroxide).Salt: Any chemical compound formed from the reaction of an acid with a base, with all or part of the hydrogen of the acid replaced by a metal or other cation. Bases: A  base  in  chemistry  is a substance that can accept  hydrogen ions  (protons) or more generally, donate electron pairs. A soluble base is referred to as an  alkali  if it contains and releases hydro xide  ions  (OH? )  quantitatively. The  Bronsted-Lowry theory  defines bases as  proton(hydrogen ion) acceptors, while the more general Lewis theory defines bases as  electron pair donors, allowing other  Lewis acids  than protons to be included.Bases can be  thought  of as the chemical opposite of  acids. A reaction between an acid and base is called  neutralization. Bases and acids are seen as opposites because the effect of an acid is to increase the  hydronium ion  (H3O+)  concentration  in water, whereas bases reduce this concentration. Bases and acids are typically  found  in  aqueous solution  forms. Aqueous solutions of bases react with aqueous solutions of acids to produce  water  and  salts   

Pontecaster Car Rally case report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Pontecaster Car Rally case report - Essay Example The advice that could be given to Pontecaster depends on its rights or responsibilities in the contract. But before the obligation could arise from the contract, there is a need to establish whether there is a contract. A contract exists when the following elements occur: offer and acceptance, consideration, certainty of agreement and intention to create legal relations (University of London, 2007). If such a contract does exist between the parties, it could now be asked whether the rights of Pontecaster are being protected. On the other hand, Pontecaster may have responsibilities to be done under the contract which may make it at fault. As far as the issue on whether there is a contract between the parties on the basis of the presence or absence of offer and acceptance, consideration , certainty of agreement and intention of create legal relations, this paper submits that they parties are presumed to have a contract because the question presupposes the existence of such contract. As far as its rights under the contract (which is presumed to exist based on the question), it becomes an issue whether it can it ask â€Å"Grubs up† to pay for breach of contract. The case facts provide that there was confusion as to actual date of the sports event but it was also provided that Pontecaster had already contracted â€Å"Grubs up† (Emphasis supplied). The fact that there was contract already, â€Å"Grubs up† must have been ready to meet the obligations including the day when the car rally event would have been held. As far as its responsibilities in the contract is concerned, Pontercaster may be held liable for its failure to conduct the event in its earlier designated time, if there is any, as per its contract with â€Å"Grubs up†. On the other hand, in the absence of the of a definite dates of the event that was agreed upon, such may indicate lack of intention to be bound for which â€Å"Grubs up† may not be liable.

Observe particles by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Essay - 1

Observe particles by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray SEM and Transmission Electron Microscopy - Essay Example m. SEM-EDAX analysis shows that the powder particles are those of ytterbium oxide and TEM analysis shows morphology of fine TiO2 and Fe2O3. Results and analysis of these experiments are presented in this report. Introduction Electron microscopy has been a leap jump over optical microscopy in the field of micro imaging. While resolution in case of optical microscopy is limited by the wavelength of light, the same gets tremendously improved because accelerated electrons have much smaller wavelengths and hence much better resolution in case of electron microscopy. Besides, micro imaging there are other benefits associated with using electron beam as probe. This is because electron – matter interaction produces a wide variety of signals like secondary electrons, back scattered electrons, fluorescence and characteristic X-rays, transmission electrons, auger electrons etc. to name a few [1]. These signals do not contain information about only topography but also about chemistry of t he region of interaction and hence micro-analytical information can also be extracted. This is the reason why a large number of micro-imaging and microanalytical instruments have been developed using electron beam as probe and these are being widely used in the industry as well as in the advanced research. A brief introduction of some of these instruments like Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Scanning Electron Microscope with Energy Dispersive Analysis of X-rays (SEM-EDAX) and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) is presented in the following sections. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) [3]: This microscope scans the probe electron beam over a raster and response signals like secondary and backscattered electrons are collected and used for image formation [2]. It consists of a column always under vacuum consisting of different subcomponents. It consists of an electron gun or electron source. This is followed by condenser lenses to focus the beam. There are apertures in the path to allow only the useful (central) portion of the beam to the subsequent stages. The focused beam is double scanned and made to pass through an aperture to fall onto the specimen. The beam is scanned over the specimen in a raster and the generated signals – secondary or back scattered electrons are collected, amplified and again scanned in a raster onto a CRT screen in synchronized manner. Thus image is formed pixel by pixel. The magnification is ratio of the CRT screen size to the area of the raster onto the specimen. Because, the CRT size is fixed, therefore, magnification can be increased by scanning lower area onto the specimen and vice – versa. While secondary electron provides topographic contrast, the backscattered electrons provide atomic number or Z-contrast. SEM with Energy Dispersive Analysis of X-rays (SEM-EDAX): EDAX is essentially a detector or an attachment to an instrument. This is capable of detecting energy of the X-rays falling onto it. This uses a semiconductor – SiLi or GeLi and as X-rays fall onto this semiconductor electrons are produced in the proportion of the energy of the X-rays and this produces a current which is used to determine energy of the X-ray. This attachment can be attached to different instruments like SEM, EPMA or Electron Probe Microanalyser or even with a TEM or Transmission Electron Microscope. When probe electron beam falls onto a sample characteristic X-rays are produced, which are collected and analyzed

AIG Bailout and AIG Bailout Exit Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

AIG Bailout and AIG Bailout Exit Plan - Essay Example Post the financial stress, AIG’s credit rating was downgraded and it required $14.5 billion in collateral in order to improve the credit rating. When private banks denied support, government became the sole option. For the US government, it was a hard bargain. After many rounds of meetings the government decided to lend up to $85 billion. But this threshold was later crossed and the total bailout value reached about $182 billion in different forms. This resulted in the government owning 80% of the then struggling insurer. This equity holding was in the form of equity participation notes. This loan was granted by the government for a period of 2 years. The government had negotiated on all ways to protect the taxpayers’ money. This two year loan carried an interest rate of 8.5% points plus the LIBOR rate. Apart from that it also carried collateral right on major assets of AIG. Thus, if market and the company prosper, the government will receive huge returns through its eq uity stake. If it happens otherwise, it can recoup the investment through the claim on assets and the interest on loans. The government bailout helped AIG to sell off its unprofitable business and to get restructured into a healthy operational position. Exit Plan AIG’s bailout exit plan came out in the mid of 2010.

References Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

References - Essay Example Keep in mind that many of these tests are designed to test your intelligence, critical thinking skills, behavioral patterns and decision-making ability. These tests are not designed to test your potential IQ or examine your previous work history. Also, many employers will notice when a candidate appears to be nervous or stressed over a pre-employment test and immediately question whether you are an adequate fit for the stresses of the everyday work environment. Relax, take a deep breath, and concentrate on exuding as much confidence as possible when taking the pre-employment test. The personality test is probably the most common pre-employment test given by employers today. These tests are designed to test your answers to questions to examine your personality and test whether the personality type would be a good fit for the potential job. Employers can learn a lot about job candidates through these tests, but these are not tests that should cause you to worry. There literally is no right or wrong answers because the information is all about you. It is always best to answer these tests as honestly as possible because the employer will receive an almost immediate score report of the personality test. At this point, the employer has already begun a pre-test interview, so they have had a little time to get to know you. If your personality scores far different than what they know about you, this can raise serious concerns for the employers. Be honest at all stages in the application process, especially on the personality tests. First of all, you need to take your time and read every question completely. Follow the instructions exactly as they are written because many tests are also designed to test your ability to follow directions. Also, many pre-employment tests work on a rating scale usually around 1-5. Each rating system may be

Media Relations Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 8

Media Relations - Assignment Example There are several significant values that are attached to the Ramadan festivities in the Islam calendar, and being the ninth month of the Islamic calendar, Muslims are mostly expected to fast from dawn till sunset for about 29 or 30 days. Given that the Islamic calendar is determined by the lunar cycle including the Ramadan that comes after the ninth month, with the glimpsing of the new moon (Murray, 2012). Taken from the Arabic word ar-ramad implying dryness or scotching heat, Ramadan signifies a mandatory fasting season for the adult Muslims in which in the entire ‘blessed month’ they are required to abstain from foods, drinks and other physical needs. Ramadan is intended to be a time for cleansing the soul, focusing attention on God and enthusiastic self-sacrifice. Eating begins after sunset, taking into consideration the aspect of cleansing the soul for God. Hence, Ramadan can be perceived as a period when Muslims are educated on matters of spirituality, patience and humility (Murray, 2012). Persons are required not to engage in defiling activities that may hinder their purity. In other aspects Muslims are required to restrain their bodies, particularly the tongue from aspects of gossip and backbiting. Immediately after Ramadan, follows the celebrations for the holiday of Eid-ul-Fitr. Non-Muslims should perceive this month as a highlighting of the Muslim brotherhood customs, and brings a special feeling of closeness (Murray, 2012). â€Å"The philosophy of fasting calls upon us to know ourselves, to master ourselves, and to discipline ourselves the better to free ourselves. To fast is to identify our dependencies, and free ourselves from them.†- Tariq

Shangri La Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Shangri La Case Study - Essay Example However, he should make sure that the firm will get predictable benefits from the wage increase in the long run. Bridl must consider that Shangri-La has certain competitive advantages over its rivalries in the Chinese market. Unlike the new entrants, Shangri-La has already gained customer loyalty and reputation in the Chinese hospitality industry. The new entrants have to overcome a lot of barriers to ensure their position in the market, and their survival is uncertain. If Shangri-La initiates a sudden and huge increase in wage in response to the competitors’ employee-poaching, it will affect the firm in several ways. For instance, if the new competitors do not thrive in the market and retire instead, Shangri-La may not be able to bring wages back to lower levels. Also, since Shangri-La involves a vast chain of hotels and resorts across China, the firm cannot afford huge wage increase. In the same way, increasing or decreasing staffing levels are also not advisable for a few r easons. As the case indicates, since Chinese employees are not good at exercising decision making authority, reducing staffing levels will affect their productivity. ... As Rizwan et al (2011) point out, enhancing employee participation can greatly influence employee behaviour and thereby the overall performance of the company. Obviously, wage increase itself cannot guarantee employee retention. Therefore, Bridl can propose an ‘employment bond’ which the employee will sign agreeing to work for the company for a certain length of time in exchange for employment related training the company offers him. Another strategy is that like its rivals, Shangri-La can also give priority to experienced hands from other firms during its recruitment processes. It is advisable for Shangri-La to promote outstanding performers to a ‘trainer’ level so that they will feel that they are the integral part of the organisation. Job commitment and satisfaction are the key factors contributing to the overall organisational productivity (Lumley et al. 2011). The level of participation required to produce the feeling of ownership may vary from industry to industry. When an employee gets the feeling of ownership, s/he would be very cautious in his work and try to minimise material wastage and thereby costs (ibid). As mentioned above, wage increase should take place gradually along with other motivational strategies. The firm should also focus on intrinsic rewards to satisfy non-money motive employees. In addition to promotion, tactics like higher level training, tours, family get together etc can be applied. It is important consider the feedback of the tenured employees before implementing changes. Since Chinese employees are accustomed to traditional working environment, they may be resistant to change. Therefore, Bridl has to ensure that objectives are effectively communicated until the employees

William Burroughs and Rock Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

William Burroughs and Rock Culture - Essay Example William was born as the youngest son to a business family in St. Louis. He attended the John Burroughs School in St. Louis where his first published essay, "Personal Magnetism," was published in the John Burroughs Review in 1929. He then attended The Los Alamos Ranch School in New Mexico, which was stressful for him and was soon expelled from Los Alamos after taking chloral hydrate in Santa Fe with a fellow student. He finished high school at Taylor School in St. Louis and, in 1932, left home to pursue an arts degree at Harvard University. He was introduced to the gay culture at Harvard. According to According to Ted Morgan's Literary Outlaw, "His parents, upon his graduation, had decided to give him a monthly allowance of $200 out of their earnings from Cobblestone Gardens, a tidy sum in those days. It was enough to keep him going, and indeed it guaranteed his survival for the next twenty-five years, arriving with welcome regularity. The allowance was a ticket to freedom; it allowed him to live where he wanted to and to forgo employment. -Ted Morgan, Literary Outlaw. p.65. New York:Avon Books, 1988." The original edition of Junkie credited to "William Lee" was Burroughs's first novel publication. He had begun writing in 1945 and soon collaborated with Kerouac on "And the Hippos Were Boiled in Their Tanks, a mystery novel loosely based on the Carr/Kammerer situation that was left unpublished. An excerpt of this work, in which Burroughs and Kerouac wrote alternating chapters, was finally published in "Word Virus", a compendium of William Burroughs' writing that was published after his death in 1997. The first novel - Junkie, was taken from letters he had written to Ginsberg who encouraged him to think of writing a novel. Allen Ginsberg was the person who published his first novel as cheap as mass market paperback. Ace Books published the novel in 1953 under the pen name William Lee, re-titling it Junkie: Confessions of an Unredeemed Drug Addict. (It was later republished as Junkie or Junky). After the death of Ginsberg, William Burroughs wrote yet another novel. A novel resulted from this time, The Yage Letters, published in 1963 by San Francisco's City Lights Books comprising the letters between Burroughs and Allen Ginsberg. William Burroughs together with Ginsberg has characterized some of the essential effects of Beat Generation artistic movement in the following terms: "The evolution of rhythm and blues into rock and roll as a high art form, as evidenced by the Beatles, Bob Dylan, and other popular musicians influenced in the later fifties and sixties by Beat generation poets' and writers' works." William Seward Burroughs has been admired for his humor and talent of writing, but he is also the most appealing of all the major Beat figures. His crystalline clarity and raw power of writing influenced the rock culture of that era to a great extent. His particular emphasis on the issue of personal freedom brought about a whole new concept for the generation. Possibly, William was one of the most colorful writers who emerged on scene from the Beat period, and he led an extremely interesting life. He graduated from Harvard University in 1936 and was well known during his college days

Tax inversions, benefits and pitfalls Term Paper

Tax inversions, benefits and pitfalls - Term Paper Example This issue was put to great publicity in April 2014 and came together with the proposed merger between two companies, AstraZeneca and Pfizer. Even though multinational public corporations have recently received more press coverage on tax inversions, middle-market and private corporations can invert and realize same tax benefits. A change of the legal location of the company from the United States to another nation allows the company to benefit from certain laws in that nation. Typical benefits that make corporations in the U.S to re-incorporate in other countries include banking laws that are more flexible. In addition, they also benefit by getting friendly corporate governance rules and lower tax rates. Bermuda is one of the most common destinations for tax inversions due to several reasons. The principal driver is because Bermuda does not tax capital gains. Also, it does not have any corporate income, dividend tax or profit. Typically, shareholders of such corporations need to pay taxes from the profits realized after inversion. Worse enough, the tax inversion transaction is mostly a stock transaction where the shareholders get no money to pay taxes on their profits in the stock. In that case, inversions are a long term play for shareholders of corporations which can bear the short term tax bite. Tax inversion also leads to unemployment in the country of origin of such corporations. The tax inversions do not typically alter the structure of operation for the company. Mostly, it means adding a smaller office in the new foreign location of the company. Therefore, even though on rare occasions, tax inversions lead to unemployment. The Bush administration passed a legislation that required corporations to continue paying taxes under current rules. Under this Act, the corporate minimum tax rules would still apply. Current rules where corporations control

Mexican Americans and Presidential Elections Essay Example for Free

Mexican Americans and Presidential Elections Essay The United States has generally been a neutral country in its history. However, in 1914, the country was plunged into World War I after being provoked by many attacks. One of many small attacks included â€Å"accidentally† sinking a United States ship that was exporting goods to other England. After the sinking of the Lusitania, once the world’s largest ship, by German U-boats, the United States leaders knew it was time to join the war. Shortly afterwards, United States intervention helped the Allies, mainly France, the United Kingdom, and Russia, end the war, but the country ended up many lives, around one hundred-thousand. While casualties were low in the United States compared to other countries, the country still did not want to suffer more losses. Therefore, the United States went into a state of isolationism following World War I. After 25 years of peace, a second war, World War II, became another prominent issue for the United States. Like the first war, The United States was again provoked into war. On December 7, 1941, Japan bombed Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, killing over two thousand civilians. Unlike the first war, the United States decided to quickly join its allies after the bombing rather than waiting to be attacked multiple times. The country again plunged into war, but this time, it was in the war for a much larger period of time compared to the first war. As World War II was a bigger war compared to its predecessor, more soldiers were needed to fight. With more soldiers needed to fight in the war, many people had to leave work to defend their country. This meant that jobs would have many open positions, and this wasn’t good for the economy. In order to fill the spots, the United States invited Mexican Americans to fill in the jobs that had been neglected due to war. The program that was then started was the Bracero Program, which was a program started in 1942 to hire temporary workers from Mexico until the war ended and the people returned home. Soon, over one hundred-thousand contracts were signed to get more Mexican American workers to work in the United States. After the war ended, many of the Mexican Americans were deported back to Mexico. However, because they had a taste of having a real job with real benefits, many wanted to return the United States. Therefore, after World War II had ended, many Mexican Americans began to immigrate to the United States, thereby raising the Mexican American population. With a slowly increasing Mexican American population, there will be more political influence in that group. Specifically, as time progresses, the Mexican American population will accelerate in growth, exponentially raising their political influence. This research paper aims to determine how the political influence of the Mexican American group has changed from 1960, when the population was not growing so quickly, to 2012, when the population growth is more prominent. Because Mexican Americans were given a taste of America, many of them wanted to come to the United States even after being deported. Because the Mexican American voting percentage was low in the 1960 presidential election, one could assume that the Mexican American vote wouldn’t affect the election, but with Kennedy winning by such a narrow margin and with a large percentage of Mexican Americans that voted for Kennedy, he won by the narrow margin because of the Mexican American vote. The election was extremely close with â€Å"Kennedy winning by a plurality of only 144,673 votes† (Schmal). Kennedy got just enough votes to surpass his incumbent. Due to the increasing amount of Mexicans coming into the country and being able to vote, more Mexicans were able to vote for Kennedy although it was just enough for Kennedy to win. Also, â€Å"Kennedy, who received about 85% of the national Hispanic vote,† was able to barely squeeze a victory by having Mexican American supporters (Schmal). With such the limited number of Mexican American voters, Kennedy having the majority barely helped put him ahead of Nixon to win the election. So in the end, without the Mexican American vote, Kennedy could have lost that presidential election; he could have lost thousands of potential votes due to the 85% of the Hispanic population that voted for him. One can see that the presence of Mexican American voters helped Kennedy win his election, but Kennedy didn’t exactly try to gain the Mexican American vote through his policies. What this means is Kennedy didn’t single out a specific group of people to help in the United States. All of Kennedy’s policies were intended to help everyone no matter what race, gender, or religion you were. The Mexican Americans that voted for Kennedy, therefore, simply liked his campaign for the nation. In more recent decades, the Mexican American population has transgressed. According to the Pew Research Center, â€Å"in the decade from 2000 to 2010, the Mexican-American population grew by 7. 2 million as a result of births and 4. 2 million as a result of new immigrant arrivals,† so we know that more Mexican Americans are populating the country from births (The Mexican-American Boom). This also means that throughout the 1940s to now, more Mexican Americans have been populating the United States in order to have more births take place in the United States. Also, this 11. 6 million total increase of Mexican Americans is only comprised of newcomers. Compared to 1960, there was quite a large number of Mexican Americans in the United States during the 2012 presidential election. Also, according to the United States Census, the total population of citizens is 262,856,643. Knowing that the population that is able to vote and the Mexican-American population, one can assume that the vote of the Hispanic population is crucial for the victory of a candidate. With a large Mexican American population, there is, of course, more political influence from the group. However, Obama and Romney had different strategies when it came to appealing to the Mexican Americans. One major thing Romney said was that â€Å"had [my father] been born of Mexican parents, Id have a better shot of winning this† in a secretly recorded video in the home of a private donor for a fundraiser (Llenas). He clearly believes if he were Latino, winning would be easier for him. This obviously offended many Latinos, and anyone who is offended by someone would think twice about voting for a man who has a demeanor that basically offends oneself. Romney saying this considerably hurt his campaign with regard to the Latino vote and, subsequently, the Mexican American vote. These types of comments are very sensitive because many are proud of their heritage and background. Even if not many Mexican Americans were offended, other citizens might have felt bad because Romney did not want to be part of his own race. Although it might have been a joke, a candidate must watch his or her public image at all times. However, Obama took a different approach with the Latino population. Obama knew the Latino vote was crucial, and he even stated: â€Å"I will just be very blunt. Should I win a second term, a big reason I will win a second term is because the Republican nominee and the Republican Party have so alienated the fastest-growing demographic group in the country, the Latino community† (Abdullah). Obama is showing that he knows how big of an influence the Mexican American voters will have. Obama also knows Romney made a mistake when he did nothing to appeal to the group. What’s more, Obama also issued an act: the DREAM Act. This Act allowed illegal individuals to reside in the United States so long as the individuals are working or going to school. Because Obama was more sensitive to the Mexican American population, Obama easily got the majority vote for the Mexican American population, leaving Romney in the dust, and the results of the whole presidential election show this: Obama won the election. Millions of Mexican Americans voted â€Å"with resounding 71 percent support for Obama† because Obama has shown patronage to Spanish people (Siegel). By empathizing with the Mexican Americans, Obama clearly showed he cared more about them than Romney. With the presence of Mexican American voters, Obama easily won the 2012 presidential election. One could see that during this presidential election, the Mexican American voting percentage for the nation was less than three percent. However, if one was to look at the Mexican American voting percentage during the 2012 presidential election in the United States between Barack Obama and Mitt Romney, it would be around twelve percent. Thus, the percentage of Mexican American voters has been increasing throughout the years; therefore, Mexican Americans have more influence power because more are coming with more political power for the group. Comparing the 1960 presidential election to the 2012 presidential election, one can see big differences. First, the percentage of Mexican American voters in 1960 was a mere 3 percent compared to the rather large 12 percent in only 2010 while the population was still growing due to more births (Schmal). From this, one can conclude that the Mexican American vote in 2012 had more influence on the presidential election than the 1960 presidential election. What’s more is that Kennedy, the winner of the prior election, had not done much in order to get any Mexican American votes while Obama clearly had policies, like the DREAM Act, passed to help with the percent of Mexican American votes he had. Therefore, by comparing these two presidential election results and statistics, one can see that with more Mexican Americans voting, it’s imperative for the presidential candidate to sway the Mexican American voters in order to have a better chance of winning the election.

Evaluating the performance of tesco plc

Evaluating the performance of tesco plc For this assignment, I ideally considered an organization TESCO. It is a largest supermarket chain in United Kingdom. It employed over 260,000 employees over 1,800 stores. Since its having ample of people, managing human resource would be a great challenge to such company. Therefore I think this is most suitable to go through my study. Jack Cohen founded Tesco in 1919 when he began to sell surplus groceries from a stall in the East End of London. The Tesco brand first appeared in 1924. The name came about after Jack Cohen bought a shipment of tea from T.E. Stockwell. He made new labels using the first three letters of the suppliers name (TES), and the first two letters of his surname (CO), forming the word TESCO. The first Tesco store was opened in 1929 in Burnt Oak, Edgware, and Middlesex. Tesco floated on the London Stock Exchange in 1947 as Tesco Stores (Holdings) Limited. The first self service store opened in St Albans in 1951 (still operational in 2008 as a Metro), and the first supermarket in Maldon in 1956. During the 1950s and the 1960s Tesco grew organically, but also through acquisitions until it owned more than 800 stores. The company purchased 70 Williamsons stores (1957), 200 Harrow Stores outlets (1959), 212 Irwins stores (1960), 97 Charles Phillips stores (1964) and the Victor Value chain (1968) (sold to Bejam in 1986). Founder Jack Cohen was an enthusiastic advocate of trading stamps as an inducement for shoppers to patronise his stores. He signed up with Green Shield Stamps in 1963, and became one of the companys largest clients. Now there are more than 1800 stores running under Tesco. Tesco is being a one of the most important share holder in UK share market UK market share Graph Showing Market Share of Tesco According to TNS World panel, Tescos share of the UK grocery market in the 12 weeks to 10 August 2008 was 31.6%, up 0.3% on 12 weeks to 13 July 2008. The business market share has been rising monthly since its recent low of 30.9% in March 2008. Across all categories, over  £1 in every  £7 (14.3%) of UK retail sales is spent at Tesco. Tesco also operates overseas, and non-UK revenue for the year to 24 February 2007 was up 18% on 25 February 2006. Supermarket Consumer Spend ( £000s) Market Share August 2008 +/- from July 2008 Tesco 6,351,531 31.6% à ¢- ²0.3% Asda 3,410,431 17.0% à ¢- ²0.1% Sainsburys 3,175,543 15.9% à ¢- ²0.1% Morrisons 2,233,137 11.1% à ¢- ¼0.2% The Differing Perspectives of Human Resource Management Today Human Resource Management, which is a very significant functional field of organizational management, has evolved a very board and profound management branch. HRM is the efficient and effective utilization of human resource to achieve goals of an organization. While other resources make things possible only human resource make things happen. As employees have different personalities, different expectation and different abilities, it is difficult to manage them. In fact, HRM is a strategic source of competitive advantage that is more sustainable. Guests Model According to the David Guests (1989-1997) model of HRM has 6 dimensions of analysis: HRM strategy HRM practices HRM outcomes Behaviour outcomes Performance outcomes Financial outcomes The model is prescriptive in the sense that it is based on the assumption that HRM is distinctively different from traditional personnel management. A business can take to HRM many different approaches. Guest(1999) identified two different perspectives of HRM soft and hard, also these perspectives are similar to the tight and loose perspectives which are identified by Handy. According to the soft view of HRM, it explains employees to be a valuable asset to the company. (e.g., it is people that make the difference; the workforce is the most vital asset; human resources are the sole, real, sustainable, competitive advantage or edge.) On the other hand, the hard view of HRM considers that employees are resources to be managed effectively to achieve business objectives. According to Truss, those soft and hard approaches are based on opposing aims. The aim of soft model is to improve the competitive advantage of the company and the individual development of the employee based on the assumption that employees are viewed as a resource working to be trained and developed. In contrast, on the hard model employees are viewed as a cost that has to be managed and the aim of the model is to use the employees to achieve the organization goals. These approaches can also be viewed as tight and loose HRM, which are system based on compliance and commitment. Storeys Definitions The different perspectives can also be seen between the difference of personnel and HRM. Storey (1992) regarded HRM as a set of interrelated policies with an ideal HRM consisting of beliefs an assumption; strategic aspects; line management; key levers and dimension. For those who recognize a difference between personnel management and human resources, the difference can be described as philosophical. Personnel management is more administrative in nature, dealing with payroll, complying with employment law, and handling related tasks. Human resources, on the other hand, are responsible for managing a workforce as one of the primary resources that contributes to the success of an organization. Then, human resources are described as much broader in scope than personnel management. Personnel management is often considered an independent function of an organization. Human resource management, on the other hand, tends to be an integral part of overall company function. Personnel management is typically the sole responsibility of an organizations personnel department. With human resources, all of an organizations managers are often involved in some manner, and a chief goal may be to have managers of various departments develop the skills necessary to handle personnel-related tasks. While HRM concerns the human side of the management of enterprises and employees relations with their firms, Industrial Relations (IR) is comprised of certain actors, certain contexts, and ideology which binds the industrial relation system together and a body of rules created to govern the actors at the work place and work community. This term is a broader concept when compared with labour relations and it is concerned with the systems, rules and procedure used to determine the reward for effort and other conditions of employment. It can be viewed from tripartite perspective. Though the term IR seems to have a more macro view rather than micro view, it can be viewed as a one of the fields of HRM. Therefore we discuss IR under the theme of HRM. Several view points of HRM HRM is the management of people at work in an organization. Human resources are unique as they have expectation characteristics which are missing from all other resources. They have to be managed legally and ethically. Unilever practice this correctly. In management approach, HRM is a responsibility of every manager irrespective of his/her fields of interest a specialization. Though the Unilever has a human resource department led by a human resource manager, it has to serve all managers, non-managers and departments through it expertise. Also HRM is viewed as a system of interrelated functions. For instance job analysis affects recruitment, selection and pay management. When human resource activities are involved as a whole, they from the Unilevers human resource management system. Also HRM is an open system that is affected by the external environment that is composed of various forces which have direct or indirect influences on the organization and its HRM. In case of Unilever, those forces, labour law, trade unions, education system, training system, employee marketsetc affect HRM. Strategic approach to HRM is a recent development in the disciplines of HRM. HRM is called strategic HRM from this view point and the purpose is to generate or enhance competitive advantage or support achievement of strategic business needs. When it comes to Unilever, there also HRM is fully integrated with the strategy and strategic needs of the Unilever. Also HRM can be viewed from the proactive approach. Being proactive means acting before a problem occurred. Since there may be situations where problems arise suddenly and no time is available to anticipate, Unilever also recommended proactive HRM to follow whenever it is possible. Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) is treated a resent development in the field of HRM. It is concerned with those decisions which have a major and long term effect on the employment and development of people in the organization and on the relationship which exist between its management and staff. It is perceived and believed as an advance topic. The purpose of strategic approach to HRM is to generate or enhance competitive advantage or support achievement of strategic business needs and goals. Strategic aspect of HRM has four features which are as follows: HRM is a broad approach to managing people at work based on philosophy of HR. HRM is a major source of competitive advantage. It links to competitive advantage of the organization significantly. HRM policies/functions cohere within themselves and with other functional fields of organizational management. HRM is fully integrated with the strategy and strategic needs of the organization. Also HRM plays an important role in Unilever strategic management. HRM contributes to strategy formulation, strategy implementation and strategy evaluation. Flexibility within the Workplace Flexibility in work is an important key to a company, if the company need employee attraction and not to lose them. Flexibility means the way of working, which means that flexibility can be based on time and location. The flexibility in work can be categorized as follows; Part-Time Workers Part time workers are cheaper to recruit and they are not permanent and cannot involve in management procedures. The rights of part time workers are limited. Fixed/Short-Term Contract Workers Workers who are taken at a specified period as the company need. Outside Contractors/ Sub Contractors Group of workers or individual worker requites from outside the company for a special work at a specific time. Self Employed labour People who work for an exact company as a self employed basis. Agencies An agency which supplies employees to companies which seeks for labour. Get the customer to do the work Without any employee customers fulfil his needs by himself by use of technology. Shift working A continue way of working where employees work according to a time based system. Flex-Time A way of making decision by employee about his working time with in a core time. Job Share A way of sharing once works with other who work full time job on a part time basis. Annualized Hours A number of hours labour is given to employee and he need to complete that within a year. Tele working An easy way of working, by the use of technology employee can work at his own place, home, or even at road. Hot Disking/Hotel ling Employees need to go outside the company for specific job and they have a specific desk for them self in the office for permanently. Home working This is the same as Tele working and work can be carried out in home and this no need of network or communication As shown above flexibility of work can achieve the company a high standard in business and the satisfaction of the employee will be high because they get what they need. The flexibility in work will give advantage as well as disadvantages. Some of them are as follow. Employer view Employee satisfaction will reduce employee strikes etc. High level of outcome can be achieve Cost of employee is low Sometime cost cannot be maintained Employee internal competition will effect on company manufacture process or sales can be continue without a stop. Employee view Employee satisfaction is high Working stress is low There will be a new can do attitude in the business Time can be managed to do personal works Employers will miss use the labour Sometimes salary payment will be postponed. At Tesco, they are giving employees (and not just the women) the chance to work flexibly for years. Flexible working can mean Working part-time, Working from home Job sharing Most who take up the opportunity are parents. But not all One Tesco employee studied at college for his degree and was allowed to work flexibly in order to train more often. Another was given a sabbatical to practice with his rock band. These examples show how Tesco has given flexibility for their employees. When it comes to maternity and paternity packages, Tesco beats many other businesses. Company also believes in educating managers about the merits of employing mums. Work life initiative has been developed many years in response to employee request in Tesco. Tesco believes that this will make employee attraction on the company and the satisfaction will rise above the roof. Tesco sees the flexibility as an important issue because that directly effect on employees and without them company cannot carry out the works. Tesco as a company has arrange different ways of flexibility in work specially for mother who work full time, company has given them a holiday system where they can take holidays without a pre notice. The most of the part time worker in the company are employed in Europe rather than Asia. Form of the Discrimination Discrimination is someone is not treated as fairly to someone else in similar situation or treated differently because they are deferent in some way. Have two types of discriminations. Those are, Direct Discrimination Indirect Discrimination Direct Discrimination Race, sex, nationality of ethnic or national origin, disability are using for treat badly to someone. Indirect Discrimination Occurs when rules, regulations, policy procedures operating, which appears to treat everyone equality has the effect of the disadvantaging certain group and the recruitment is not reasonable. Current Legislations are against Employment Discrimination. There are 3 main legislations. Those are, Employment Equality (Age) Regulations 2006. Employment Equality (Religion or Bellies) Regulations 2003. Employment Equality (sexual orientation) Regulations 2003. Employment Equality (Age) Regulations 2006 Protect against discrimination on grounds of age in employment and training prohibits direct and indirect discrimination, victimization, harassment and instruction to discrimination. Employment Equality (Religion or Bellies) Regulations 2003 The directive protects discrimination on the ground of religion and belief in employment, vocational training, promotions and working conditions. Employment Equality (sexual orientation) Regulations 2003 The directive protects against discrimination of sexual orientation in employment, Vocational training, Promotions and Working conditions. Proposed Changes to the Law Hours, Rest break and maximum working hours of the week. Most workers have the maximum they should work set down in law under the working time regulations. That guide can get understand rest breaking and rest periods offer employers to workers. Give national minimum wage to employees. Give pension scheme to all workers and increase maximum working age limit. Range of current Initiatives and practices are which focus on equal Opportunities in Employment. Current initiatives are very helpful for build up employer and employee rights. It is very need to work with trade unions. Other hand it is very helpful for give equal opportunities to all employees. Bellow I mentioned some practices for focus on equal opportunities in employment. Opportunity 2000 is aim to increase the quality and quantity of woman employment opportunities both practice and public sector organizations. Codes of practices; there have some codes to practice law.eg: the pension regulators codes of practice guidelines on how to comply with legal requirements. Disable workers to give flexible works and more job opportunities. Compare and Contrast Equal Opportunities and Managing Diversity Equal Opportunities Concentration on discrimination /unfairness Perceived as an issue for woman and ethnic minorities and people with disabilities. Focus on boosting proportion of minority groups in employment. Strategy has to be main teamed. Emphasis on positive action rather than corporate vision. Managing Diversity Aims to ensure that all employees maximize their potential and contribution to the organization. Concentrates on movement within an organization it is culture and the meeting of business objectives. Concerns all staff and specially managers. Does not rely on positive action and provides a vision. (John P.Wilson workplace diversity and training 2005 page253) Tesco is view the Concept of Discrimination in Employment. Tesco protect their work force discrimination. They have suitable work patterns for employees. Every time they modify their rules and regulations for current social needs. In this time they are giving more job opportunities for female workers. They ignore race, ethnic, colour for recruitments and training promotions. Tesco have specific age limit for recruitments and pension. How is the organization move from equal opportunities to managing diversity? Tesco move from equal opportunities to managing diversity use some activities. Such as internal employee networks, Monitoring programs, Diversity conferences. They build up employee societies for discuss their problems and set solutions. Other hand trade unions are helping solve the employees problems. Management every time monitoring employees efficiency and give more benefits and promotions to them. Performance Management Armstrong and Baron define performance management as A process which contributes to the effective management of individuals and teams in order to achieve high levels of organizational performance. As such, it establishes shared understanding about what is to be achieved and an approach to leading and developing people which will ensure that it is achieved. They go on to stress that it is a strategy which relates to every activity of the organization set in the context of its human resource policies, culture, style and communications systems. The nature of the strategy depends on the organizational context and can vary from organization to organization. In other words performance management should be: Strategic it is about broader issues and longer-term goals Integrated it should link various aspects of the business, people management, and individuals and teams. It should incorporate: Performance Improvement throughout the organization, for individual, team and organizational effectiveness Development unless there is continuous development of individuals and teams, performance will not improve Managing Behaviour ensuring that individuals are encouraged to behave in a way that allows and fosters better working relationships. While most firms have a human resources or personnel department that develops and implements HRM practices, responsibility lies with both HR professionals and line managers. The interplay between managers and HR professionals leads to effective HRM practices. For example, consider performance appraisals. The success of a firms performance appraisal system depends on the ability of both parties to do their jobs correctly. HR professionals develop the system, while managers provide the actual performance evaluations. The nature of these roles varies from company to company, depending primarily on the size of the organization. This discussion assumes a large company with a sizable HRM department. However, in smaller companies without large HRM departments, line managers must assume an even larger role in effective HRM practices. HR professionals typically assume the following four areas of responsibility: establishing HRM policies and procedures, developing/choosing HRM methods, monitoring/evaluating HRM practices, and advising/assisting managers on HRM-related matters. HR professionals typically decide (subject to upper-management approval) what procedures to follow when implementing an HRM practice. For example, HR professionals may decide that the selection process should include having all candidates complete an application, take an employment test, and then be interviewed by a HR professional and line manager. HR professionals also consult with management on an array of HRM-related topics. They may assist by providing managers with formal training programs on topics like selection and the law, how to conduct an employment interview, how to appraise employee job performance, or how to effectively discipline employees. HR professionals also provide assistance by giving line managers advice about specific HRM-related concerns, such as how to deal with problem employees. Line managers direct employees day-to-day tasks. From an HRM perspective, line managers are mainly responsible for implementing HRM practices and providing HR professionals with necessary input for developing effective practices. Managers carry out many procedures and methods devised by HR professionals. For instance, line managers: Interview job applicants Provide orientation, coaching, and on-the-job training Provide and communicate job performance ratings Recommend salary increases Carry out disciplinary procedures Investigate accidents Settle grievance issues The development of HRM procedures and methods often requires input from line managers. For example, when conducting a job analysis, HR professionals often seek job information from managers and ask managers to review the final written product. Additionally, when HR professionals determine an organizations training needs, managers often suggest what types of training are needed and who, in particular, needs the training. Health and Safety at Tesco Occupational Health and Safety is an essential element of a successful and sustainable business  in todays global village.  Consequently, Tesco takes responsibility for  Occupational Health and  safety very seriously. Sustainable, profitable growth for Tesco is dependent on: Providing consumers and customers with products that are safe in use.   Protecting the health and safety of employees and contractors.   Managing activities so as to provide care and protection of the environment  Ã‚  Ã‚   To achieve a safe working environment and a world class reputation for Tesco in Health Safety at Work Some companies take some actions in order to retain health and safety in the company. Some may be in success but some companies cant achieve that goal. Tesco achieves health and safety by followings; Developing, designing, operating and maintaining facilities and processes that are safe and without risk to health. Developing, introducing and maintaining systems, which will establish appropriate standards of occupational health and safety and ensure compliance with all applicable legislation and internal Tesco standards by means of regular auditing? Setting annual improvement objectives, targets, and reviewing these to ensure they are being met at company, divisional and departmental levels to ensure continual improvement. Involving all employees in the preparation, review and implementation of this policy and providing appropriate training and safety awareness. Holding management at all levels accountable for the occupational health and safety performance of their staff. Recruitment Process at Tesco Recruitment refers to the process of screening, and selecting qualified people for a job at an organization or firm, or for a vacancy in a volunteer-based organization or community group. While generalist managers or administrators can undertake some components of the recruitment process, mid- and large-size organizations and companies often retain professional recruiters or outsource some of the process to recruitment agencies. External recruitment is the process of attracting and selecting employees from outside the organization. The recruitment industry has three main types of agencies: employment agencies, recruitment websites and job search engines, and headhunters for executive and professional recruitment. The stages in recruitment include sourcing candidates by advertising or other methods, and screening and selecting potential candidates using tests or interviews. The proper start to a recruitment effort is to perform a job analysis, to document the actual or intended requirement of the job to be performed. This information is captured in a job description and provides the recruitment effort with the boundaries and objectives of the search. Often times a company will have job descriptions that represent a historical collection of tasks performed in the past. These job descriptions need to be reviewed or updated prior to a recruitment effort to reflect present day requirements. Starting recruitment with an accurate job analysis and job description insures the recruitment effort starts off on a proper track for success. Sourcing Sourcing involves; 1)advertising, a common part of the recruiting process, often encompassing multiple media, such as the Internet, general newspapers, job ad newspapers, professional publications, window advertisements, job centres, and campus graduate recruitment programs; 2) Recruiting research, which is the proactive identification of relevant talent who may not respond to job postings and other recruitment advertising methods done in 1. This initial research for so-called passive prospects, also called name-generation, results in a list of prospects who can then be contacted to solicit interest, obtain a resume/CV, and be screened. Screening and Selection Suitability for a job is typically assessed by looking for skills, e.g. communication, typing, and computer skills. Qualifications may be shown through resumes, job applications, interviews, educational or professional experience, the testimony of references, such as for software knowledge, typing skills, numeracy, and literacy, through physiological tests or employment testing. In some countries, employers are legally mandated to provide equal opportunity in hiring. Business management software is used by many recruitment agencies to automate the testing process. Many recruiters and agencies are using an applicant tracking system to perform many of the filtering tasks, along with software tools for psychometric testing. Conclusion Human resource management is an important function not only for Tesco but also for all the companies which manage human power or which deal with people. HRM is a key point for a company for its success if that function fails or malfunctioned the company will fall because the effect of bad HRM are not friendly to the company. Company labour cost will increase and because of that cost of production will rise and the sales will decrease, Because of less Sales Company cannot stay in the market or face the competition. The difficult management function within the company in known as HRM. Lot of studies has carried our around the world by professors and professional authorities in order to maintain a successful HRM in companies This case study is written in order to those companies which need basic knowledge of HRM and for students who want to know the meaning of HRM and how that functions. Tesco is a multinational company that has spread over 25 countries with about 440,000 employees. That much of employees are a asset to a company and the management is very important else employee dissatisfaction will leave to Tesco company down as mention above. HRM is not just a management function like finance management, production management etc, its special because it always deal with real people and they are hard to handle and the understanding in to be there within the company and employee to achieve success in future.

Complement Serum Activity by Lysing Sheep Erythrocytes

Complement Serum Activity by Lysing Sheep Erythrocytes Introduction The Immune system is a series of complex processes which has evolved to protect the body from attack by foreign pathogens. These pathogens are able to enter our body through the skin or lining of the internal organs. The immune system is able to protect us from intracellular and extracellular organisms as well as from ourselves, stopping malignancies and autoimmune diseases from spreading in our bodies (Bastian, 1993). There are two lines of defence, the adaptive (specific) and innate (non-specific immunity), though both are united in their goal to destroy pathogens they have different ways to tackle this. Innate immunity is the 1st line of defence while adaptive immunity is the 2nds line and thus takes longer to act (Clancy, 1998). The complement system is part of the immune system and can be bought into action by the adaptive system if required. Complement is a group of proteins working together within the immune system; once stimulated by one of many triggers, proteases begin to c leave protein in the system, bringing a cascade of enzyme reactions in order to fight off foreign pathogens and activate the inflammatory response. Within the complement cascade there are many proteins that play a role but C3 is a protein critical to the effector functions of the system (Abbas, 1994). There are many paths for immune mediated lysis and the one we will be looking at is intravascular haemolyse and occurs when the complement has been triggered through the classical pathway. When the antibody binds to the antigen on the surface of the erythrocyte, a complement component triggers the membrane attack complex to form pores in the cell membrane resulting in cell lysis (Chapel, 1990). The intensity and speed at which cells lyse is dependent upon the rate at which the complement cascades to enable complete cell lysis. Experiments like these are able to provide us with an understanding of how the complement immune system functions. It can also increase our understanding of autoimmunity and perhaps lead to ways in which the effects of immunity can be prolonged or inhibited according to the disease. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease, in which complement is analysed, as getting SLE is dependent upon the gene which is responsible for producing MHC, a component used in haemolysis (American, 1993), patients with other immunological disorders can require their complement activity to be monitored and thus this assay would be able to show how efficiently the complement component of the immune system is working to defend their bodies. Aims To determine complement serum activity by lysing sheep erythrocytes To determine the volume of complement required for 50% lysis. Materials 20 Cuvettes 1.0ml 20 test tube plastic disposable Automatic pipette 200-1000 ÂÂ µl 6 tips Automatic pipette 0-200 ÂÂ µl 6 tips Water bath at 37Â °C Spectrophotometer Test tube rack Centrifuge Ice bucket Ice Method Wash 4ml of erythrocyte suspension three times with barbitone saline solution. Prepare a 6% stock solution of erythrocytes In one test tube mix 3.0ml of sheep anti-erythrocyte antiserum, diluted 1/50 3.0ml of the 6% SRBC Mix and gently by capping and inverting several times Incubate at 37Â °C for 15min in the water bath, mix every 5min. Set up the test tubes on ice in duplicates and label Add the reagents in order as shown in table 1 below Incubate the tubes for 60 minutes at 37Â °C mixing gently every 15minutes Place the tubes on ice and then centrifuge at 200g for 10 minutes at 4Â °C Remove the samples and put into cuvettes and read the absorbance at 541nm, with ammonia solution as blank record the results in a table. Results Discussion When carrying out the experiment raw data was recorded, and presented in table 1. However the results obtained during the practical were not used as the erythrocytes lysed before complement was added and therefore complement activity could not be observed as adding complement to lysed cells is not able to produce results, therefore the ideal data provided was used and analysed. From table 1 it is clear that absorbance levels increased as serum volume increased, this is due to the fact that as volumes of complement increase more red blood cells are lysed which in turn allows haemoglobin to be let out, this is of a dark colour and as more cells are lyses the darker the resulting sample will be, and so the absorbance as read the spectrophotometer will increase. After the guinea pig serum has been mixed with the sensitised erythrocytes, it produces anti-body coated cells with complement attaching to the antibody, and activating this attracts the MAC molecules to take action and lyse the cell (Kuby, 1994). Following the pattern seen in table one table 3 shows a progressive % lysis of cells as the volume of serum is increased, however for the 100% lysis an ammonia buffer was used to ensure that all cells are lysed during the experiment. Further to this graph 1 produced a sigmoid curve, from which it was possible to estimate CH50. However calculating the 50% lysis from this graph is not very accurate. Thus a log graph 2 was constructed, with the use of van Krogh equation to determine the actual value of 50% lysis. The equation was provided by the lecturer. Van Krogh equation: x= k[ y ]1/n 100-y Where: x= amount of complement (ml of undiluted serum) y= proportion of cells lysed k=50% unit of compliment n=inclination of graph (ideally 0.2) This resulted in table 4 giving a volume of 133.5 CH50/ml. However when calculating CH50 the x values were all in the negative. Moreover, it was not possible to compare data sets obtained against ideal data as the experiment did not yield results due to lysis of erythrocytes before complement was added. This could have occurred due to improper pipetting, handling or transporting of the cells as shaking them too much could have lysed them due to shock, as the cells were sensitized and thus prone to quick lysis. Further to this it was reported by Inglis, et al, 2007, that the use of erythrocytes from different sheep can yield inaccurate results and thus produce different CH50. Although there are many inaccuracies present within the experiment, it also gives scope to further improve the method as well as explore other area of the subject at hand such as factors which affect the performance of complement like temperature or PH. This assay is a good way to measure the activity of the immu ne system within patients, such as patients with LSE as mentioned earlier, other patients with low immunity can also be tested to see how the complement system is or isnt aiding their recovery, thus steps can be taken by medical professionals to either boost or monitor the progress of the patients immunity as fundamentally the immune system is required to work at its optimum to keep humans and animals from dying of disease(Inglis,et al, 2007). Conclusion Overall this experiment has shown how complement is important in aiding white blood cells to lyse foreign bodies. Though in the experiment carried out the blood cells lysed before complement was added the method was presented and the ideal set of data, showed what results should have been obtained. Also the hypothesis that as the complement concentration increases so will the absorbance proved positive.

Essay --

Professional Women and Work Related-Stress There are different kinds of diseases in the world. One type of disease does not require medicine because there is no cure for it. As a matter of fact, millions of Americans have this disease and are not aware of it. It is a silent killer; it is called stress. According to The American Heritage Dictionary, stress is defined as the ‘internal distribution of force per unit of area within a body subject to an applied force or system or forces. It is a condition that is described as extreme difficulty, pressure or strain.’Generally speaking, another source titled â€Å"Leaders’ Daily Work Demands, Recovery, and Leadership Behaviors†defines stress this way: ‘a relationship between the person and the environment that is appraised by the person as taxing or exceeding his or her resources and endangering his or her well-being.’ Stress is everywhere and there are many types of stress including work stress and work demands. This is an understanding of w hat stress is, the cause of stress and how it can be managed. Some professional women have a lot of work related-stress on their jobs. To start off, I would like to share some facts about stress. The American Institute of Stress states the idea of that Stress was introduced around 1936 by Hans Selye. He had conducted experiments on animals to determine how stress affected them. The results were that stress causes these animals to develop diseases such as heart attacks, stroke and kidney disease. However, there has been confusion about stress because of the correct definition of it. Despite the way people look at stress, it is defined as a physical, mental, and emotional strain and is a condition when a person has experience demands that exceed the per... ...e are some different types of stressors in our jobs such as co-workers and job demands. The co-worker concept could also play a part of their lives because we are living in a world with different personalities. There are some co-workers who are nice, while some are not so nice. What I learn about that is to understand that you are not the problem. Another words, your co-worker could be experiencing some difficult times in his/her life and they don’t know how to deal with them other then make the ones closet to them have a bad time at work. My thinking is this: the best thing to deal with it is to talk to a co-worker along with the boss to take care of that situation. Another thing is choices: which is what can cause stress. It’s safe to say that we choose occupations that we have no interest in. Therefore, we can be responsible for causing stress in our lives.

The Representation of Tone in The Turn of the Screw by Henery James Ess

The tone of a novel is defined as a way for the author to express his/her attitude toward such story elements as characters, setting, or situation. Tone is present in every novel any author’s writes, as it is this literary device that sets the mood of the story for the reader. Henry James uses tone very effectively in the novel, The Turn of the Screw. The story begins with a joyful and dreamy mood to frightening and furious in the middle and finishes with sorrow and mournful in the end. The shifts in tone are caused by the changes in attitude and actions by the governess. In the beginning of The Turn of The Screw, the tone is very joyful and dreamy. The story begins with Douglas and friends all telling each other scary stories. It is very peaceful and everyone is enjoying the stories being told. The tone is very joyful as represented by â€Å"Is n’t anybody going? It was almost the tone of hope. Everyone will stay!† (James, 6). This shows that everybody is having fun telling each other scary stories and are willing to stay and wait to here the story from Douglas. It was very hopeful as the stories being told were pleasant for the people around the campfire. The tone remains positive at the beginning of the governess’s story. The governess arrives at the house and sees this beautiful girl who is very polite and is too good for her own self. The governess is very happy that she was able to get the position for the job and to experience all of it that she believes that it is almost a dream. This is shown when she says such a place as would somehow, for diversion of the you idea, take all colour out of story-books and fairy-tales†(James, 16). This proves that the governess believes that everything such as Bly, the place in which they are s... ...clusion, the mood represents that the governess has truly given up on the children and is very sad that nothing else can be done to help them and get rid of the ghosts that are haunting them. In conclusion, the shifts in actions and attitudes of the governess cause the tone to shift throughout the novel. The tone begins with being joyful and dreamy to furious in the middle and mournful in the end. This all concludes, that the literary device tone is very effective in portraying the mood of the story through the characters actions to the reader. Tone is perhaps one of the most important literary devices author’s use to connect the mood of the story to a reader’s heart and really makes them feel for the characters and what they go through. Works Cited James, Henry. The turn of the screw and other short fiction. Bantam classic ed. Toronto: Bantam Books, 1983. Print.

Melville and Nathaniel Hawthorne :: essays research papers

In the summer of 1850 Melville purchased an eighteenth-century farmhouse in the community of Pittsfield in Berkshire County, Massachusetts. Berkshire was then home to a number of prominent literary figures such as Fanny Kemble, Oliver Wendell Holmes, James Russell Lowell, and, in Lenox, less than six miles from Melville, Nathaniel Hawthorne. The two authors met for the first time in Stockbridge on August 5, 1850, on a picnic excursion hosted by David Dudley Field. Hawthorne was forty-six and was familiar with at least a portion of Melville's work, having favorably reviewed Typee in the Salem Advertiser (March 25, 1846); Melville was thirty-one and had just written or was about to write an exceedingly warm and enthusiastic piece on Hawthorne's Mosses From an Old Manse, a copy of which had been given to him by an aunt a few weeks before. Early in the course of the excursion, a sudden thunderstorm forced the party to take shelter, giving Melville and Hawthorne an opportunity to become better acquainted. The two men took to each other at once, and as their conversation continued were delighted to discover a growing bond of mutual sympathy and comprehension. Two days later Hawthorne wrote to a friend "I liked Melville so much that I have asked him to spend a few days with me." This would be the first of a series of visits, supplemented by written correspondence, that would continue until the gradual cooling off of the friendship late in 1852. In the beginning the relationship was a great source of comfort and intellectual stimulation to Melville, who believed he had finally found the soul mate for whom he had been yearning. As Sophia Hawthorne observed, "Mr. Melville, generally silent and uncommunicative, pours out the rich floods of his mind and experience to [Nathaniel Hawthorne], so sure of apprehension, so sure of a large and generous interpretation, and of the most delicate and fine judgment." Hawthorne's influence, in fact, is credited as the prime catalyst behind Melville's decision to transform what originally seems to have been a light-hearted whaling adventure into the dramatic masterpiece that is arguably the greatest American novel of all time. In August of 1852 Melville wrote to Hawthorne about the true story of a New England woman who had taken in and married a shipwrecked sailor only to be abandoned by him. "The Story of Agatha", Melville thought, would be a perfect subject for the application of Hawthorne's talents; the older man, however, felt little enthusiasm for the project and after a few desultory attempts suggested that Melville write the story himself.

Bank of America Essay

The apparent problem in the Bank of America case study is that Jen McDonald (head of the Bank of America digital marketing group), and Douglas Brown (senior vice president of mobile product development) received requests to create mobile apps more specific for individual businesses as a way to gain leverage (Supta & Herman, 2012). Brown, specifically, was hesitant to add additional mobile app features as he feared it would make the application far too complex. Not only would it prove to be difficult for some users to understand, more features often make applications run more slowly, which could complicate the idea of mobile banking. In addition this could possibly give the customer a more negative experience. To cite the problem specifically, Brown stated â€Å"App complexity has led to some high-profile failures in the market place. This carries a huge risk† (Supta & Herman, 2012). Furthermore, Bank of America was provided $20 billion in capital from the United States government during the financial crisis under leadership of CEO Kenneth Lewis (Supta & Herman, 2012). Lewis had concerns that certain investors and customers would start to correlate Bank of America with Citigroup, who had previously given up 36% of its ownership to the federal government (Supta & Herman, 2012). This resulted in Brian Moynihan (head of consumer and small business banking) taking over as CEO on January 1, 2010 (Supta & Herman, 2012). Constraints and available options One of Bank of America’s options was to create different apps to target different groups and market segments, which proved to be somewhat of a risk. Not only was the organization concerned for the customers reaction, Bank of America was also hesitant because mobile apps are costly and in doing so, technology resources would be taken from other essential areas of banking such as online banking and atm machines. At this time customers were not completely trusting in working with their banks, as financial struggles were becoming more and more apparent. In order to give theBank of America the trusted name and customer loyalty it had previously held for so long, executives decided Mobile banking was the right path to take in order to save the company. Analysis and Evaluation The bank of America officially launched their mobile banking application in May of 2007. This included the ability to bank on the customers phones either by application or by accessing the mobile web through their phones browser. Douglas Brown confirmed that the success of the mobile application was astounding as the company gained four million mobile banking customers over the time span of less than three years (Supta & Herman, 2012). Because of the high level of success, business managers were eager to update the applications, in an effort to raise the level of functionality even higher. This proved to be a decision that had to be carefully considered by the Bank of America corporate team. Strengths: The Bank of America already holds the title of being one of the most prestigious banks and a leading company in the U. S. Because of their household name, marketing new products prove to be fairly easy; however identifying a product that customers will adopt and figuring out the target market are essential to Bank of America’s success. An additional strength of the mobile banking application was the timing in correlation to the launch of the application and the launch of the iPhone, making Bank of America the first bank to be able to offer a banking application on the iPhone. The most used features of mobile banking came from viewing account balances and viewing transaction details, making debit card holders the most popular users. After the mobile banking launch more customers opened checking accounts in the months of the introduction of mobile banking and did in fact use the application during that time. Weaknesses:  A weakness shown by Bank of America proved to be within technology adoption and which smart phones the mobile applications could be used by. The Bank of America was slow to adopt SMS technology and access to mobile banking was limited. It was only available to those who used online banking with Bank of America, therefore leaving a huge portion of customers out and feeling negatively about the new product. Another weakness in the new mobile application was that it had to be created with more features than competing mobile applications, which added the risk of making the mobile app more complex. Complexity is a weakness when striving to offer a simple and functional upgraded product to customers. Furthermore, the bank was recovering from the financial crisis, which caused a great loss for a company as big as themselves, as customers had to put a curb to their spending. They also feared they damaged their name in asking for $20 billion in federal backing which proved to be a huge mistake. Bank of America did not want to be associated with other banks that had borrowed capital, but in turn were forced to give up a percentage of their company. Opportunities: In analyzing the Kotler & Keller text, marketing opportunity is described as a buyer taking interest in something that has the probability to make a profit (Kotler & Keller, 2009). The introduction of mobile banking was a huge opportunity that the Bank of America capitalized on. When mobile banking was introduced costs per transaction started at 10 cents and were expected to drop to 3 to 4 cents. ATM costs were already 1. 34 per transaction which provided an advantage to debit card holders with low account balances. They also benefited in that they could easily check their account balance through their phones before making a purchase. The Bank of America capitalized on the opportunity to offer this feature to customers for absolutely no cost. This was a huge plus in gaining additional customers and fans of mobile banking, as other banks had already begun to waive ATM fees during the times of the market dropping. Mobile banking was a way for Bank of America to bounce back after financial crisis and offer users an experience they had never before been exposed to. The novelty of the design and idea would bring trust and value back to the company. Threats: A potential threat of mobile banking was that expanding on apps and adding new features can turn potential customers off because it tends to make banking more complicated throughout the introduction process. Surveys and research also showed that 44% of customers did not see a need or any type of value within mobile banking. When introducing a new product, buyer behavior tends to be very guarded as customers are reluctant to trust a pone application to keep their banking statements and accounts secure at all times. Major competitors are also a threat that the Bank of America faced. Major Banks such as Wellsfargo, Citigroup and PNC, to name a few, also offer mobile banking with virtually the same functions and applications. Mobile banking was also seen as a threat because of the high initial costs, however, from a marketing perspective, if the Bank of America were to pay extra costs to set their mobile applications apart from competing banks, the additional features would be worth the price in customer popularity and satisfaction. Recommendations Because mobile banking has been introduced by so many other banks, the best recommendation would be to create a form of mobile banking that is more secure and user friendly than competing applications. These are the two issues that customers seemed to have the most doubts about, so putting extra emphasis on these areas will surely set the Bank of America apart from others. Another recommendation is to target one particular audience and market to them specifically, therefore making age and stage in the life cycle of great importance. It is likely that the younger generation will be much more open to yet another phone application, as it is the norm for them, and will provide huge ease to another aspect of their lives. This may result in the younger generation taking more initiative when it comes to banking and gaining more responsibility in this aspect of their lives. Phone applications makes it easy to transfer money and to check balances, providing an awareness of your funds 24/7, opposed to only during banking hours. Kotler & Keller advices marketers to take the following three steps when marketing a product: 1. Compare it with a product that consumers already know about, making it more comfortable for them to base the purchase off of a past decision (Kotler & Keller, 2012). 2. â€Å"†¦The lure of â€Å"free† is almost irresistible† (Kotler & Keller, 2012). 3. Consumers often experience the â€Å"optimism bias† or â€Å"positivity illusion. † They tend to overestimate their chances of experiencing a positive outcome and underestimate their chances of experiencing a negative outcome (Kotler & Keller, 2012). These steps are recommended to the Bank of America’s target audience in order to raise popularity and awareness of the mobile banking application. In other words, it is essential to understand the meaning of consumer behavior. Kotler & Keller define consumer behavior as how individuals come up with ideas and experiences that work to satisfy the customer’s wants and needs. The customer’s desires will be met in that the mobile banking app will be free to current customers, which will already account for a huge part of the appeal. Compared with online banking, which customers are likely to be more familiar with, the target audience will see the mobile app as an easier, faster version of a feature they already value. Furthermore, because of the optimism bias and positivity illusion, customers using this product are more likely to feel it will improve their financial security and well-being. Lessons Learned In the review of the entire Bank of America case study, it is apparent that control was an issue that was brought up as the main concern of the customer in accepting the new application. Customers were weary at first, as they had concerns for the security of their finances and feared they were giving up control of their bank accounts to a mobile application. In retrospect, the customer actually gained more control over their finances as they were able to access them from nearly anywhere in the world. This goes to show how identifying with the customers emotions and providing them with a product that gains their trust and eases their concerns, will make the innovation and the company that much more successful.

King Lear Loyalty

easterly and Hesperian Perspectives on allegiance Loyalty is a cockeyed expressioning of upkeep and subjection in which it is reflected upon two proclaim movies with dis base of operationsardised setting and subplots, precisely possesses a comparable understanding to what the writer was stressful to convey. By watching Oliviers poove Lear, and Kurosawas Ran, the earshot queues at that place atomic number 18 numerous themes that be pictured passim apiece movie, besides the iodin that delivers the largest jounce deep d possess the plot has to be allegiance. mightiness Lear displays the inwardness of true-bluety in a Hesperian approach with high association Elizabethan characters as its of import cast.The minute of arc movie, Ran, is found on an eastern friendship with foreign warlords who rule during a graphic symbolicular era. With their differences, in like small-armner come their similarities. Many characters at bottom their several(prenomi nal) movies all sh are one greenness analogy, that one should be truehearted and true to their come along. Since the c one timepts of the two movies are similar, the characters and their office staffs would parallel of latitude from individually one other as well. manufacturing business Hidetoras advocate, trip the light fantastic and poove Lears Earl, Kent def pole one attri plainlye in super C that they some(prenominal) do their queen regnant with reverence.The Earl of Kents trueness is sh cause during the movie deepr he is classifyed by business leader Lear for fence the subject of disowning his youngest female child, Cordelia. Kent proves this when he disguises himself as a normal citizen, to obtain propinquity with the force. or so men would leave the kingdom, never to remember but Kent proves diversely. Aside, Kent reveals his plan Now, banished Kent, If grand push asidest deal out where thou dost stand condemned, So whitethorn it come thy outp erform, whom thou lovest, Shall find thee panoptic of labors. (I. iv. 24. 4) This iterate explains that even though his outstrip condemned him, he is loyal and equable go forth to serve superpower Lear.From at that place, he gains exponent Lears bewilder as Caius and work to aid him throughout the equilibrium of the play. Kents cleany is alike a adequatey grown role when dowry major power Lear, since he assistants the pansy to understand his faults somewhat banishing Cordelia from his kingdom, playacting as a part of reason. Hes non shitless to stand up to the King, because he holds King Lears best interest at titty even before his own. Kent is genuinely selfless when it comes to his blood with King Lear, and without prompting would end his own life to prolong avail his King even in the afterwardswardslife.Kent tells the Duke of capital of New York I gain a journey, sir, abruptly to go. My master calls me. I mustiness non say no. (V. iii. 17. 340) Kent decides to anticipate everywherehaul his king and denies the request from the Duke of capital of New York to help revive the kingdom that King Lear once ruled. Parallel to Kent from King Lear, trip the light fantastic from Ran as well had a similar role as overlord Hidetoras loyal advocate. tango is banished from superior Hidetoras mankind because of his negativity towards his Lords finding to banish Saburo, since he did non indispensableness to sell his father like his sr. brothers. dance left hand Hidetoras domain, but did not feel it was right to leave his Lord since he made a confidence to serve him, no matter the situation. trip the light fantastic returns to Lord Hidetora when Hidetora is in need of victuals and supplies after he, himself is banished from some(prenominal) Taro and Jiros strongholds. Tango explains to Lord Hidetora I, Tango Hirayama, though banished concur heeded my lord in disguise. beholding how you suffer, I beg to offer you these provisions. This quote displays that the relationship amid Lord Hidetora and Kent are much than than servant and Lord and that the trust amidst the two of them go out-of-the-way(prenominal) beyond even Lord Hidetora and his own sons.From that part in time, Tango remain with Hidetora for the repose of the movie date they provide the bedevilment and suffering that tie into the calamity. The differences among the characters are the strength of their obedience towards their masters. Kents scene of fealty is much intense, since he is willingly to die for King Lear and follow him eternally. Kent puts his usefulness towards his master as his pate precession which is more important than his own life. Tangos approach is more subtle, since he does not take extreme watchfulness when returning to his King after his banishment, but Tango still has a strong sense of loyalty.Kent and Tangos roles at bottom apiece movie are actually significant towards the tragedy. I t helps the audience shoot the breeze there are genuine characters within the movies that are not influential towards the tragedy. The loyalty that is instilled within the two characters cause a exacting flexure within the tragedy by helping eliminate the contest more than continuing the development towards it. unalike the confirmative effect that Kent and Tango had on the plot, Oswald and Kurogane both serve their antagonistic masters, Goneril and Jiro.Oswald shows his full homage to Goneril he even disobeys King Lears attempt to talk to his daughter during Kents arrival to the Gonerils castle and denies Regans offer to join her side, also bust up her allowter in the process. Oswald serves Goneril with expose loyalty, but his understanding of devotion is different than a man such(prenominal) as Kent. Oswald explains to the Duke of Cornwall why Kent attacked him I never gave him any, It rapturous the king his master rattling late To strike at me upon his misconstructionW hen he, concerted and praise his displeasure, Tripped me female genitalia being down, insulted, railed, And put upon him such a deal of man That worthied him, got praises of the king For him attempting who was self-subdued. And in the fleshment of this dread proceeding displace on me here again. (II. ii. 5. 110) The budge surrounded by Kent and Oswald is symbolic, showing a fight between true(p) and evil. Kents loyalty is faithful but Oswald is a angleworm who attempts to win over people with his insincerely panegyric to get what he wants, similar to his master Goneril.Kurogane is parallel to Oswald with both of them serving the main antagonists of the movies. Kurogane is very loyal to Jiro, acting as his voice of reason when Jiro becomes extremely influenced by dame Kaede and tries to take over doll carry outs stick as his wife. When peeress Kaede asks Jiro to slay Lady serve and bring game her head, Kurogane comes back with a head of a statue, aft(prenominal) decision out that Lady Sue is murdered, Kurogane tells Jiro hes will not let Lady Kaede escape penalization Who rules this domain,You or Lady Kaede? I promise subjection to you, but never to her like to Oswalds scene where he rips Regans paper, Kurogane kills Lady Kaede for her disobedience because he serves Jiro, displaying that his loyalty goes towards his master and no one else. in that respect is a comparison between Kurogane and Oswald, but there are also umteen differences as well. Oswald seems to use flattery in pose to display his loyalty towards Goneril, whereas Kurogane is honest towards Jiro and will even step up to Jiro.Oswalds loyalty seems cowardly since he hides behind a shadow of lies and Kuroganes loyalty is sincere and generally, more positive. Oswald and Kuroganes roles provide influence towards the downfall of the tragic gunman and create a progression towards the tragedy. Since they have a negative clash on the storyline, they help magnify the audien ces perspective on the tragedy that is provided to happen. In conclusion, the two movies impart many comparisons and contrasts that approach from two unadorned cultures.The four-spot characters Oswald along with Kurogane and Tango along with Kent, can relate with and differ against each other. only these characters carry traits of loyalty towards their masters, while each individual can be class as either good or evil. These characters enlighten the tragedy that both directors portrayed through the plot. Oliviers King Lear, and Kurosawas Ran is comprised of multiple themes that are render during the films, but the theme with the most import towards the storyline and the tragedy is loyalty.King Lear LoyaltyEastern and Western Perspectives on Loyalty Loyalty is a strong feeling of support and allegiance in which it is reflected upon two proclaimed movies with different setting and subplots, but possesses a similar understanding to what the writer was trying to convey. By watch ing Oliviers King Lear, and Kurosawas Ran, the audience finds there are many themes that are portrayed throughout each movie, but the one that provides the largest impact within the plot has to be loyalty. King Lear displays the meaning of loyalty in a western approach with high class Elizabethan characters as its main cast.The second movie, Ran, is based on an eastern society with conflicting warlords who rule during a situation era. With their differences, also come their similarities. Many characters within their respective movies all share one common analogy, that one should be loyal and faithful to their master. Since the concepts of the two movies are similar, the characters and their roles would parallel each other as well. Lord Hidetoras advocate, Tango and King Lears Earl, Kent have one attribute in common that they both serve their king with devotion.The Earl of Kents loyalty is shown during the movie after he is banished by King Lear for opposing the idea of disowning hi s youngest daughter, Cordelia. Kent proves this when he disguises himself as a normal citizen, to obtain proximity with the king. Most men would leave the kingdom, never to return but Kent proves differently. Aside, Kent reveals his plan Now, banished Kent, If thou canst serve where thou dost stand condemned, So may it come thy master, whom thou lovest, Shall find thee full of labors. (I. iv. 24. 4) This quote explains that even though his master condemned him, he is loyal and still willing to serve King Lear.From there, he gains King Lears trust as Caius and works to aid him throughout the rest of the play. Kents honesty is also a big role when serving King Lear, since he helps the King to understand his faults about banishing Cordelia from his kingdom, acting as a voice of reason. Hes not afraid to stand up to the King, because he holds King Lears best interest at heart even before his own. Kent is very selfless when it comes to his relationship with King Lear, and without prompt ing would end his own life to continue serving his King even in the afterlife.Kent tells the Duke of Albany I have a journey, sir, shortly to go. My master calls me. I must not say no. (V. iii. 17. 340) Kent decides to continue serving his king and denies the request from the Duke of Albany to help revive the kingdom that King Lear once ruled. Parallel to Kent from King Lear, Tango from Ran also had a similar role as Lord Hidetoras loyal advocate. Tango is banished from Lord Hidetoras domain because of his negativism towards his Lords decision to banish Saburo, since he did not want to deceive his father like his elder brothers.Tango left Hidetoras domain, but did not feel it was right to leave his Lord since he made a pledge to serve him, no matter the situation. Tango returns to Lord Hidetora when Hidetora is in need of food and supplies after he, himself is banished from both Taro and Jiros castles. Tango explains to Lord Hidetora I, Tango Hirayama, though banished have followed my lord in disguise. Seeing how you suffer, I beg to offer you these provisions. This quote displays that the relationship between Lord Hidetora and Kent are more than servant and Lord and that the trust between the two of them go far beyond even Lord Hidetora and his own sons.From that part in time, Tango stays with Hidetora for the remainder of the movie while they endure the agony and suffering that tie into the tragedy. The differences between the characters are the strength of their loyalty towards their masters. Kents perspective of loyalty is more extreme, since he is willingly to die for King Lear and follow him eternally. Kent puts his service towards his master as his top priority which is more important than his own life. Tangos approach is more subtle, since he does not take extreme precaution when returning to his King after his banishment, but Tango still has a strong sense of loyalty.Kent and Tangos roles within each movie are very significant towards the tragedy. I t helps the audience see there are genuine characters within the movies that are not influential towards the tragedy. The loyalty that is instilled within the two characters cause a positive flexure within the tragedy by helping eliminate the conflict more than continuing the progression towards it. Unlike the positive effect that Kent and Tango had on the plot, Oswald and Kurogane both serve their antagonistic masters, Goneril and Jiro.Oswald shows his full allegiance to Goneril he even disobeys King Lears attempt to talk to his daughter during Kents arrival to the Gonerils castle and denies Regans offer to join her side, also ripping up her letter in the process. Oswald serves Goneril with utter loyalty, but his understanding of devotion is different than a man such as Kent. Oswald explains to the Duke of Cornwall why Kent attacked him I never gave him any, It pleased the king his master very late To strike at me upon his misconstructionWhen he, conjunct and flattering his displea sure, Tripped me behind being down, insulted, railed, And put upon him such a deal of man That worthied him, got praises of the king For him attempting who was self-subdued. And in the fleshment of this dread exploit Drew on me here again. (II. ii. 5. 110) The fight between Kent and Oswald is symbolic, showing a battle between good and evil. Kents loyalty is trustworthy but Oswald is a sycophant who attempts to win over people with his insincerely flattery to get what he wants, similar to his master Goneril.Kurogane is parallel to Oswald with both of them serving the main antagonists of the movies. Kurogane is very loyal to Jiro, acting as his voice of reason when Jiro becomes extremely influenced by Lady Kaede and tries to take over Lady Sues position as his wife. When Lady Kaede asks Jiro to slay Lady Sue and bring back her head, Kurogane comes back with a head of a statue, After finding out that Lady Sue is murdered, Kurogane tells Jiro hes will not let Lady Kaede escape punishm ent Who rules this domain,You or Lady Kaede? I pledged fealty to you, but never to her Similar to Oswalds scene where he rips Regans paper, Kurogane kills Lady Kaede for her disobedience because he serves Jiro, displaying that his loyalty goes towards his master and no one else. There is a comparison between Kurogane and Oswald, but there are also many differences as well. Oswald seems to use flattery in order to display his loyalty towards Goneril, whereas Kurogane is honest towards Jiro and will even step up to Jiro.Oswalds loyalty seems cowardly since he hides behind a shadow of lies and Kuroganes loyalty is sincere and generally, more positive. Oswald and Kuroganes roles provide influence towards the downfall of the tragic hero and create a progression towards the tragedy. Since they have a negative impact on the storyline, they help magnify the audiences perspective on the tragedy that is yet to happen. In conclusion, the two movies contain many comparisons and contrasts that approach from two distinct cultures.The four characters Oswald along with Kurogane and Tango along with Kent, can relate with and differ against each other. All these characters carry traits of loyalty towards their masters, while each individual can be classified as either good or evil. These characters enlighten the tragedy that both directors portrayed through the plot. Oliviers King Lear, and Kurosawas Ran is comprised of multiple themes that are depicted during the films, but the theme with the most significance towards the storyline and the tragedy is loyalty.