Why Governments Regulate The Health Care Industry Economics Essay

Why Governments Regulate The wellness Cargon Industry economic science EssayIn the first part of the essay we define merchandise loser and ask at the pretending of improve grocery, we then comp are this with wellness flush market and find out the causes or factors that results in harm in the wellness kick market. In the second part we will look at the ways governing bodys in quartet different countries bring on intervened to ensure that the causes of the market failure are meliorateed. trade failure grass defined as a situation whereby in that respect is a failure to achieve an efficient allocation of resources within the market economy.A fundamental problem with the concept of market failure, as economists occasionally recognize, is that it describes a situation that exists everywhere (Nelson, 1987 Dahlman, 1979).thither are different kinds of market that exist in the society with the perfect market and monopoly at the extremes and the others in mingled with t his spectrum.Perfect MarketThe perfect market model also referred to as a perfect contest is the around important model because it serves a benchmark from which other kinds of market posterior be viewed. The main objective of any firm in the market is to maximise profit and the worth of the advanceds and services are determined by market forces. The perfect market is based on the following assumptionsthither is full information,The dealingss are impersonal,There are no barriers to entry or exit,There are many buyer and sellers, and they shtup non influence the market price,The products are homogenous which means that the buyers can non differentiate between products.Finally the goods are private goods.Why is health care market different?The first reason for this is that health care is a universal good which is different from a private good as seen in the perfect market model, public good has two features, non-rivalrous which means that the use of it by adept person does no t stop another from benefitting from it, and it is non-excludable this means it will difficult to prevent people from enjoying the benefits. With public good there is what is known as a free-rider problem people will not pay for them because others are willing to pay for them. The nature of public goods poses a problem for the market because the private firmament will not make a profit from their provision since everyone can enjoy it whether they pay or not. Health care is also a public good and under provision of it also leads to market failure. Health care is also a merit good that society values and believes that people should down them because consumption is believed to generate positive externalities-this will be discussed in the next paragraph as well as other causes of market failure.Causes of market failure in health care1. ExternalitiesExternalities also referred to as third-company effects occur when others are affected by the transaction arising from the production and consumption of health care for which the cost or benefits are not taken into account.The core of the argument against market failure abridgment is derived from the study of transactions. (Zerbe et al p7).Whenever there is a transaction externalities are known to occur which leads to transaction costs. This is defined as the resources essential to transfer, establish and maintain property rights. The property rights was developed by R H Coase where he stated that mortals form firms to reduce transaction costs. Externalities may arise in different ways and they may be either positive (beneficial) or negative (harmful), and can be during production or consumption. Examples of negative externality is smoking which results in external costs on a third party passive smoking and also alcohol ingestion can lead to antisocial behaviour. Vaccination against infectious diseases is a form of positive externality where an individual is certain of protection by the consumption of another per son. An example of external cost of production is via pollution from an industry and external benefits of production is the patent rights assumption to firm that discovered a new drug, stopping all other firms from copying the products. When there are externalities in health care this will not lead to a perfect market hence market failure will occur. The externalities discussed so far can be referred to as selfishly motivated. There is externality referred to as caring externality which occurs when individuals get personal satisfaction from knowing that a person is getting the health care they need. Externalities are around us every day alone they are not taken into account whenever there is a transaction, this is because property rights are not well defined. Health care is not owned by anyone so therefore there is economic incentive to protect it and the only way the property rights can be well defined and protected will be finished government regulation e.g. by banning smoking in public places and also make vaccinations compulsory. Even with government rule it is difficult to achieve this. (Zerbe,1976,1980Medema and Zerbe,1999a),in a world in which property rights are fully specified and in which transaction costs are zero, the allocation of resources will be efficient. This kind of world does not exist, this is an indication that market failure will always occur.2. Imperfect informationpolitical economy is concerned with the efficient use of limited productive resources for the purpose of attaining the maximum satisfaction of our material wants (Jackson and McConnell, 1985, p3), this involves transacting parties utilising these resources to meet and satisfy their wants. This is based on the assumption that the parties have full information nigh the goods and services being bought or sold and also about each other. These assumptions describe a market where there is perfect information (Stiglitz, 1993).In the health care there is imperfect information and/or information asymmetry. Information asymmetry can be defined (using the acquisition of health insurance as a classical example) as situation whereby client that wants to get a health insurance has more detailed information about himself than the insurance company. Imperfect information is the case of a physician who has more knowledge than patients. The uncertainty of infirmity and the cost of it when it arises is one the principal reasons for taking health insurance. Two problems arise whenever there is insurance cover these are adverse weft and moralistic jeopardise. Information asymmetry and adverse selection was first set forth by George Akerlof in his article, The market for lemons Quality, Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism. Adverse selection is a great deal referred to as a hidden information problem in a market, where for example sellers may know more about a product than a customer. (Estrin and Laidler). During the 1980s, when HIV/AIDS was first discovered ins urance companies suffered from adverse selection as a lot on individuals with this disease took increased insurance cover without disclosing their status. This led to the suggestion that genetic testing should be used for individuals who may wish to acquire health insurance.The concept moral hazard was first defined by the French economist Dreze in 1961 (Mooney 1994, p 135), only if it is often described as a hidden action because it results in behavioural changes in patients once their expected losses are covered by health insurance. Ehrlich and Becker (1972) distinguished between ex ante and ex post moral hazard. The former occur in a healthy state when individuals can exact in preventive care such as regular exercises and good eating habits and the latter when the individual is ill, but since the health be it taxation or other forms of health insurance which allows a subsidise price or free at the point of use, there is a greater demand by the patient than it will be if the pat ient was to pay all the costs. Donaldson and Gerard (1993, p 31), comments,thus, the market fails to transmit efficient price signals to consumers.Donaldson and Gerrard (1993) identified two types of provider moral hazard. They identify moral hazard by doctors who are identifiable actors in the health care form and also moral hazard by hospitals. Doctors are known to act on behalf of the patients both as the demander and supplier of services and do not account for the cost. First on the supply side they are the provider of health care and on the demand side there is information asymmetry. There are different reimbursement which affects doctors attitudes and two that affects the patients attitudes ( charges to patients, private practice).Provider moral hazard occurs most commonly with the fee-for-service (FFS) reimbursement doctors are nonrecreational on the quantity of services more services will result in a higher income. indeed there is a financial incentive for physicians to provide care in excess of what the patients may require if they had full information. There is not oft publications on hospital moral hazard so this can be an area for future development.3. Imperfect competitionThe perfect market provide the opera hat means of making sure that the economy is efficient by encouraging firms to compete and also creating choice. These conditions for efficiency serve as a benchmark to serve up identify sources of allocative inefficiency referred to as market failures. But in the real world the perfect market does not exist as Hausman argued, when taken literally, the notion of market failure is of little relevance, because perfectly competitive equilibrium, the benchmark against which market fail, does not obtain. Despite this the competitive market have been used on the assumptions on which it was formed, as Amelia Fletcher, Director of Markets and Policies Initiatives commented, Competition is a rivalrous process, in which firms compete effectively to give the consumers a better deal. The question is that is this obtainable in health care with the uncertainty that surrounds ill health? The first problem here is the limited information has about the outcomes and benefits of various medical treatments. Individuals rarely have the same illness over time so there is little opportunity to acquire information and even on those with long standing chronic illness manage diabetes who may have information. The changing world of advanced technologies means that there will be information disparities. Oligopoly is the dominant market model in health care and McPake and Normand (2008, p 141) noted, the key feature of an oligopoly is that the decision made by one firm depends on the decision made by other firms, i.e. there is a high degree of interdependence between firms. Thus there may be incentives for hospitals to collude which results in adverse outcomes for the society. It is generally accepted that competition works best when there is excess capacity, but in health care there is excess demand.4. Inequality and povertyAn individual ability to obtain health care depends upon his income to a large extent. In standard economic theory its the ability and willingness to pay that determines how resources are maximally utilised but this does not happen in the real world as we have noted from previous sections in this essay. Goodwin (2005) commented that, hospitals make demand and other raw materials from suppliers with the expectation that the lowest products will be bought by consumers-the demand by consumers are those backed by the consumers ability to pay. So what is important in a perfect market is effective demand i.e., there is distribution of resources to meet the basic human needs. Therefore if for example few wealthy people desire a special(prenominal) commodity and many poor people lack money to purchase basic health needs then the market will be turned on(p) to piddle those commodities for the rich, he nce the market will fail.Government intercession and regulation of health care marketFrom our discussion it can be seen that intervention is necessary to counteract the causes of market failure as well as the consequences such as adverse selection and moral hazard.Boadway and Wildasin (1984, p 61) suggest that, while typically the remedy for market failure due to public goods is for the public sector to provide the good, the remedy for externalities is often to provide incentives to the private sector to produce the correct amount.We will examined detailed evidence from four countries the United Kingdom (UK), the United States of America (the States),France and Finland to ascertain how they intervene and regulate their health care systems.Methods of government intervention1. State provisionOne of the main ways of solving market failure is through public funding of the health service. In the UK, France and Finland hospitals are funded through taxes but in UK it is through general ta xation while France and Finland use a social insurance system. This system ensures universal coverage for the population, prevents exploitation of patients by monopoly of providers. The main problem is the issue moral hazard which is more common in publicly tax funded system in UK than the social insurance system of Finland and France. In the UK the issue of moral hazard is controlled by using gatekeepers, waiting lists, waiting times. In France and Finland price mechanism is used to deter moral hazard. Compared to the USA where it is more of private insurance, co-payments, deductibles and medical savings account schemes have been used as ways of reducing moral hazard. Donaldson and Gerard (1993, p 72) argued that, even the US health care system recognises the shortcomings of a total reliance upon market forces. The main form of government regulation there is in the form of insurance schemes for immemorial people (Medicare) and indigent people (Medicaid). But in the USA, adverse se lection is very common and it also occurs in UK but to a lesser extent, but this is almost non-existent in the social insurance system (France and Finland).2. revenue and subsidiesImperfections in the market lead to inefficient allocation of resources and this leads to negative or positive externalities. Taxation is used to discourage certain behaviours like monopolising and overpricing and subsidies can help to reduce the cost of paying for merit goods like health care. Governments in all four countries for example in order to reduce the negative externalities caused by smoking introduced taxes for the purchase for cigarettes and also legislate that companies should advertise the dangers of smoking on the pack of cigarettes sold.Antirust legislation are passed in all four countries e.g. law prohibiting the formation of monopolies and preventing imperfect competition.3. RegulationDolan and Olsen (2002), commented that there is constant pressure for more spending in most health serv ices around the world, therefore policy makers have to impose regulatory measures on the providers of services to achieve efficient allocation of the resources. Regulation can be through price control, quality control e.t.c. Regulation of pharmaceuticals is one area where most of government intervention occur, for example in the UK, the National form of Clinical Excellence(NICE) issues guidelines on which drugs are approved and can also be used. Also sets a ceiling on how much the cost should be but one main disadvantage is that it can exclude the use of new and effective treatment because of the costs. In USA there is the Food and Drug garbage disposal (FDA) which also a regulatory body. In France there is the Agence Francaise de Securite Sanitaire des Produits de Sante (AFSSAPS), and in Finland the National Agency for Medicines.4. Cost benefit analysisGovernment intervention must take into account the cost benefit analysis, if the benefits are more than the costs. Then the gove rnment should collect taxes and provide the good.Government failureGovernment failure can occur when mechanisms put in place to improve the market failure worsens the situation and lead to inefficiency and inequity in the health care and also create distortion. The following can result in government failure1. Inefficiency of State provisionIn all four countries political self interest can lead to inefficiency and worsen the market failure already present because politicians can design policies to retain power rather than maximise efficiency. In France and Finland the taxation is unremarkably higher and results in more expenditure and in the UK the citizens do not know how much is been used for health care and other sectors of the economy.2. Changes in government policiesIn the USA insurance firms can find it difficult to plan without knowledge of taxes, subsidies e.t.c and this will lead to inefficiency.3.Free markets usually leads to more efficient provision of health care(USA as an example) which allows the law of demand and supply to determine how the market works4. Lack of incentivesUndesirable incentives usually create inefficiencies, for example in France where doctors are paid by salary in some hospitals this will lead to inefficiency.5. Lack of informationGovernment can lack information just as much as the market because most times the government do not know what kind of health care the consumer really needs and provides this based on the information they have and may not even know the full costs/benefits of the policy.6. BureaucracyMost times procedures of the government are usually cumbersome and this cuts across all the four countries. Governments respond more slowly to changes and also the time it takes from planning to implementation may cause policies to be ineffective.ConclusionMarket failure is known to exist in all market economy and the health market is not an exception. It has been shown that there reasons why health care market may not wo rk efficiently, thereby necessitating government intervention. Health care is a public good and coupled with the externalities and information gaps are causes of market failure which requires correction but a sufficient justification for government intervention.Intervention is known to be costly, so therefore for it to be effective a cost-benefit analysis to suggest it is worthwhile needs to undertaken to avoid government failure which lead to market failure in itself.

Research On The Types Of Chocolates English Language Essay

Research On The Types Of Chocolates English Language EssayChocolate is a raw or bear upon food produced from the seed of the tropical Theobroma chocolate tree tree. Cacao has been cultivated for at least three millennia in Mexico, interchange and South America, with its earliest documented use around 1100 BC. The seeds of the cacao tree have an intense resentment taste, and must be fermented to develop the flavor. The type of burnt umber is determined by the various amounts of coffee butter and coffee berry liquor the chocolate contains, as well the amount of sugar and any new(prenominal) ingredients added to the mixture.TYPES OF CHOCOLATES crepuscular chocolateSweetened chocolate with high content of chocolate solids and no or rattling little milk, it may contain up to 12% milk solids. Dark chocolate can either be angelical, semi-sweet, bittersweet or unsweetened.White chocolateChocolate made with cocoa butter, sugar, milk, emulsifier, vanilla and sometimes early(a) fla vorings. It does not contain any non-fat ingredients from the cacao bean and has therefore an off-white color.Milk chocolateSweet chocolate which normally contains 10-20% cocoa solids (which includes cocoa and cocoa butter) and more than 12% milk solids. It is seldom used for baking, except for cookies.Sweet dark chocolateSimilar to semi-sweet chocolate, it is not always possible to distinguish among the flavor of sweet and semi-sweet chocolate. If a recipe asks for sweet dark chocolate you may also use semi-sweet chocolate.Semi-sweet chocolateThis is the classic dark baking chocolate which can be purchased in most grocery stores. It is frequently used for cakes, cookies and brownies. Can be used instead of sweet dark chocolate. It has a good, sweet flavor. Contains often 40-62% cocoa solids.Bittersweet chocolateA dark sweetened chocolate which must contain at least 35% cocoa solids. well-behaved quality bittersweet chocolate usually contains 60% to 85% cocoa solids depending on b rand. If the content of cocoa solids is high the content of sugar is low, giving a rich, intense and more or less bitter chocolate flavor. Bittersweet chocolate is often used for baking/cooking.Unsweetened chocolateA bitter chocolate which is only used for baking. The flavor is not good, so it is not suitable for eating.HEALTH BENEFITS OF CHOCOLATESStudies show that eating chocolate, primarily dark chocolate, may sacrifice to improved cardiovascular health. Packed with natural antioxidants, dark chocolate and cocoa sit in the same good-for-you category as green tea and blueberries. Thats because chocolate comes from cacao beans (or cocoa beans), which grow on the cacao tree and be full of natural plant nutrients. Most of the studies to date highlight dark chocolates health values because it has the highest percentage of cocoa solids, therefore more flavanol antioxidants.Heart Health Benefits of Dark ChocolateDark chocolate is good for your heart. A small bulwark of it everyday can help keep your heart and cardiovascular system running well. Two heart health benefits of dark chocolate ar dismount Blood Pressure Studies have shown that consuming a small bar of dark chocolate everyday can reduce blood pressure in individuals with high blood pressure.Lower Cholesterol Dark chocolate has also been shown to reduce LDL cholesterol (the bad cholesterol) by up to 10 percent. different Benefits of Dark ChocolateChocolate also holds benefits apart from protecting your heartit tastes goodit stimulates endorphin production, which gives a feeling of pleasureit contains serotonin, which acts as an anti-depressantit contains Theobromine, caffeine and other substances which are stimulantsPh.D., marchingk Stibich, ( two hundred6). Health Benefits of Chocolate. Retrieved 6 March 2011 from About.com http//longevity.about.com/od/lifelongnutrition/p/chocolate.htmcacaoweb (2005). types of chocolate. Retrieved 6 March 2011 from cacaoweb http//www.cacaoweb.net/chocolate.htmlHIS TORY OF CHOCOLATES1500 B.C. 300 B.C.The Olmec Indians are believed to be the primary to grow cocoa beans (kakawa) as a domestic crop. Cacao trees have grown wild for possibly 10,000 course of instructions. The Olmec civilization lasts to about 300 B.C.300 B.C. 500 A.D.250 to 900The Olmec, a very sophisticated society, give much of their culture to the Maya, including xocoatl, sho-KWA-til. Consumption of cocoa beans is occupyricted to the Mayan societys elite, in the form of an unsweetened cocoa drink made from the ground beans.A.D. 600 jet600The Maya migrate into northern regions of South America and Mesoamerica, establishing the earliest k instantlyn cocoa plantations in the Yucatan. Nobles drink frothy cacau from tall pottery beakers. Beans are a rich commodity, used both as a means of payment and as units of calculation.Beans are local and international cash a turkey could be bought for 200 beans, a tomato for 3 beans. Later, when the Maya trade with the Aztecs, 400 bean s equal 1 Aztec Zontli, 8000 beans equal 1 Aztec Xiquipilli.Ancient Mexicans believe that Tonacatecutli, the goddess of food, and Calchiuhtlucue, the goddess of water, are guardian goddesses of cocoa. Each year they perform human sacrifices for the goddesses, giving the victim cocoa at his last meal.1200 ADThe Aztecs believed the first cocoa plant was created by Quetzalcoatl who came from heaven on the good morning star. As the Aztecs didnt know about sugar, other spices were used. Mostly spices like chilli to flavour the drink as it was a little bitter. During this time, cocoa beans were used for currency as they valued the plant so much.1492Columbus brings back a few beans to present to the King and Queen. However, they were mostly ignored amongst all the other wonderful array of goods that were brought back.1528Hernando Cortez again sees the benefit of the cocoa bean and surmises that it might taste a little better if sugar cane was added. Vanilla pods, flowers, cinnamon and ot her spices were used also. This blending was regarded as a success Because of the high cost of cocoa, it was still a luxury which only the rich could afford.1645Beans were again part of the serving of Princess Maria Theresa to Louis XIV. This time, the phenomenon of chocolate took off in France. It was also considered an aphrodisiac and was reputed to have helped several Kings and Queens to entice their lovers.1671An accident by a kitchen boy leads to the make of praline. A tray of almonds was dropped. Chef tries to whip the kitchen boy but instead drops the pan of hot sugar over the almonds. The Duke of Plesslis-Praslin was served up the cooled mess and was so happy with it, he named it afterward himselfLate 1600s to early 1700sChocolate houses spring up all over Europe. During this mass craze for the drink and the increase in growers, cocoa bean prices drop. The artifice of a steam engine helps with the grinding of the beans and speeds up manufacturing.1765The first chocolate making factory in the USA.1800Chocolate becomes an Industry on its own.1900-1970s1900Milton Hershey creates a mildew factory town town called Hersheyville dedicated to the production of chocolate. The specialty is the Hershey Kiss. Around 1900, the price of cacao and sugar drop tremendously, making chocolate affordable for the snapper classes.1912Jean Neuhaus invents the chocolate shell that can be filled with soft centers and nut pastes, offering vast variety to the previous dipping and enrobing of chocolate.1925Barry Callebaut begins the production of chocolate couverture, in Belgium. (We dont know which company made the first couverture.)The New York Cocoa Exchange begins in New York City.1926Belgian chocolatier, Joseph Draps starts the Godiva Company to compete with Hersheys and Nestls American market.1930Nestl makes first white chocolate, named Galak, although it was called different names, such as Milkybar or Alpine White, in different countries. During the 1930s, brand name s become increasingly important. After two age of research, Nestllaunches the Black Magic bar.41939World War II rationing includes chocolate in Europe it is rationed to 4 ounces per person per week. Sales of chocolate are half of pre-war sales. Production of Kit Kat, a leading brand, is suspended.41980s Present1980A story of chocolate espionage hit the world press when an apprentice of the Swiss company of Suchard-Tobler unsuccessfully attempted to sell secret chocolate recipes to Russia, China, Saudi Arabia, and other countries.1986Valrhona introduces the concept of the single origin chocolate bar, making their first with beans exclusively from South America. The 70% cacao bar is named Guanaja in honor of the island of Guanaja, off Honduras, where Christopher Columbus first tasted chocolate almost 500 years earlier. They call it a Grand Cru chocolate.1990sFollowing Valrhonas pioneering efforts, other designer chocolate bars debut, including bars made from the beans of single plan tations. Today, annual world consumption of cocoa beans averages just about 600,000 tons, and per capita chocolate consumption is greatly on the rise. But the best chocolate, made of criollo beans, is just 5% of the world crop.2000A new generation of chocolatiers knows no bounds. The jointure cuisine of the late 20th century has logically found its way to chocolate exotic spices such as saffron, curry and lemongrass are now prevalent in chocolate, as are everyday kitchen foods such as basil, goat cheese and olive oil. Most appropriately, chocolate has returned to its Mesoamerican roots. Many artisan chocolatiers now offer some version of Aztec chocolate, spiced with the original new world flavors of chile and cinnamon. The market has seen growth in organic and kosher brands and high percentage cacao chocolate is recognized as a functional food, delivering antioxidants. It seems that the Aztecs were right about the health-giving properties of cacao.2000The Cote dIvoire is the worl ds largest exporter of cacao beans, 1.4 million tons. The Netherlands both imports and grinds the most cacao. Some is made into chocolates the remainder is processed into couverture and cocoa powder and exported to other countries which make their own chocolates from it.the nibble (2006). The History Of Chocolate. Retrieved 6 March 2011 from the nibble http//www.thenibble.com/reviews/main/chocolate/the-history-of-chocolate.aspTASK 2 bulge PLANTaskDescriptionMarksTimeDate1Research.The purpose of this research and the aim of the website is to promote chocolate as a several(a) and healthy food.101week4th to 20th Feb2Project planProduce a project plan for the way you intend to complete the rest of this assignment.101week21st to 27th Feb3Design SpecificationUsing the appropriate techniques to specify the structure and navigation of the proposed site.152weeks27th Feb to fifth Mar4WebsiteThe website must be developed using XHTML 1.0(transitional or strict) and consist of 6 interlinked pa ges.A home page from which it is possible to navigate to the other resources in the website.A page that explains about health and chocolate.A page that describes the history of chocolate from ancient Mesoamerican times to present day.A recipe of the calendar calendar month pageA page that provides links to other websites of interest and sources of further informationA page that demonstrates the use of HTML forms401 month5th Mar to 5 April5Critical evaluationA short report of 1000 words analyzing the website you have submitted252 weeks5th to 15th AprilTASK 3 DESIGN SPECIFICATIONSHEIRARCHYHomeInstructionsPhotographsHealth benefitsRecipe of the monthLinksSubmission formHistory of ChocolatesFig 1.1 billet PlanBackground infoHome page has to communicate purpose of website.External sites(User will be required to press back button to go back to our site or have external sites open in a new windowNew Recipe innovationPage designationProvide forms for users to submit new recipesLinksPage t itleGive links to other websites of interestRecipe of the monthPage title adept quality photographClearly structured instructionsHistory of chocolatesPage titleDescribe history of chocolatesHealth and ChocolatesPage titleProvide health benefits of chocolatesGive types and quantities of chocolates that should be eatenShow drawbacks of chocolatesHome PageBackground infoHealth chocolatesHistory of chocolatesRecipe of monthLinksNew Recipe EntryFig1.2

East of Eden Essay: Criticism of East of Eden -- East Eden Essays

Criticism of eastward of Eden Possibly the best piece of criticism I discovered was an render by Joseph Wood Krutch. Krutch begins by making a statement praising the enormous amount of energy that is required for a book with the scope of East of Eden. Very briefly, Krutch summarizes the novel and draws an analogy between it and The Magic Mountain by Thomas Mann. Krutch points out that in this novel, Steinbeck has avoided falling into the trap of writing a melodramatic as he has in some other pieces. Krutch says of Steinbeck Never, I think, not even in The Grapes of Wrath, has he exhibited such a grip upon himself and his material. (Krutch 370) Krutch points out that, specially in the first third of the book, the character parallels to symbolic figures are rather distracting, but become less so as the book progresses. Steinbeck is often associated with writers who train deterministic philosophies and are moral relativists, but Krutch asserts it is difficult to imagine how any no vel could more explicitly reject these values. (Krutch 370) Krutch assigns East of Eden the position of determine Steinbecks position as a moralist and ends his review by stating there is no question whether Mr. Steinbeck has written an intensely interesting and impressive book. (Krutch 371) Harvey Curtis Webster was the author of some other review I found helpful. He begins with the very blunt statement that it will take almost equal quantities of pride and stupidity to deny that it is wizard of the best novels of the past ten years and the best book John Steinbeck has written since the Grapes of Wrath. (Webster 369) To conclude his strong opening paragraph Webster states It is to be doubted it any American novel has better chronicled ou... ...ress. 1957. pp. 302-305. Rpt. In Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism. Ed. David Marowski. Vol 45 Detroit Gale, 1987. pp. 370- 371 Neary, Walter. About John Steinbeck. 27 Nov. 2001 <http//www.steinbeck.org/About.html>. Steinbeck, John . Grapes of Wrath. 1939. New York Penguin, 1973. Steinbeck, John IV Nancy Steinbeck, and Andrew Harvey. Other Side of Eden. Prometheus Books. Feb. 2001. Various contributors. Amazon.com acquire Information. Amazon.com <http//www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/stores/detail/-/books/0140186395/ customer-reviews/qid=1007248185/sr=2-1/ref=sr_2_75_1/102-8744870-2692125>. 28 Nov. 2001 Webster, Harvey Curtis. Out of the New Born Sun. Saturday Review, New York. Vol. XXXV. No. 38. 20 Sept 1952. pp. 11-12. Rpt. In Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism. Ed. David Marowski. Vol 45 Detroit Gale, 1987. pp. 369-370

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Essay -- Mental Health Disorders

Approximately five million people in the U.S., or about one in every 50 Americans, suffer from OCD. Thats about 2%, a substantial number of sufferers. It affects men, women, and children, as well as people of all races, religions, and socioeconomic backgrounds.OCD is an anxiety disorder characterized by symptoms that can include powerful, unwanted, or recurrent thoughts and/or compulsive, repetitive behaviors. Some of the most putting green obsessions areFear of contamination Fear of causing harm to another Fear of making a mistake Fear of behaving in a socially unacceptable manner Need for symmetry or exactness Excessive doubt Some of the most common compulsions may includeCleaning/ laundry Checking Arranging/Organizing Collecting/Hoarding Counting/Repeating Obsessions are unwanted, recurrent and unpleasant thoughts that cause anxiety. Compulsions are repetitive, ritualistic behaviors that the soul feels driven to perform to strike anxiety. At least 80 percent of patients with O CD energise both obsessions and compulsions. OCD appears to be caused by increased activity in the orbital frontal cortex and caudated nucleus of the brain. OCD may also involve abnormal functioning of the neurotransmitter seratonin in the brain. Stress does not cause OCD however, a stressful event can innovation the disorder. There are no hard facts to tell how OCD is obtained. OCD is thought to be a genetic disorder. This idea has plenty of evidence and is believed by most doctors. The chemic imbalance in the Brain is an imbalance of Seratonin and Dompamine. 80 percent of the people with OCD have another disorder called Tourettes Syndrome (TS). This syndrome is caused by the imbalance of Dompamine in the Brain. This causes the person to have muscular and/or verbal spasm which are called tics. Some people who are familiar with TS may think of people shaking wildly of adjuration a lot, but that is only in a severe case. These are a couple of examples, or case studies, that I go t off the internet.I. DickUp until this year, Dick had do fairly well in school, played basketball, held down a part epoch job cleaning a fish plant, and spent most weekends with his fille friend. Over the last year, he has had to let most of this go. His girlfriend found someone who had more time, he quit his job, and he stopped going to basketball. He could barely get his schoolwork done. Why? It excessivelyk... ...ment is a treatment in which the person is exposed to there obsession and go without fulfilling their compulsions. This kind of like lining your fear.In treating OCD with medications there are many medicines that are prescribed, here are five of the most common Prozac, Paxil, Zoloft, Luvox, and Anafranil. These medicines do not always work, but 60-80% of the time they do. Also these medicines do not just work right away. They have to take time to balance in the body. This usually takes about 6-8 weeks. A person is usually on one of these medicines for 12-18 months , but can be more or less. Support groups are few, yet one that I found on the Internet, called Emotions Annoymymous seemed to help alot of people, since this disease isnt well admitn by the general public, it is misunderstood, and the words obsessive-compulsive are used out of place far too frequently.My OpinionI think that OCD Is a common disorder that is underestimated and there are not enough people that are educated about it. The more people subsist about something, the less they are afraid of it. There are five million people that have it, I think more people should know about it, one in fifty people has it.

Burden: The Name Says it All in Faulkners Light in August :: Light August Essays

Burden The Name Says it All in Light in August Expecting parents put so more than thought, time, and energy into the choosing of a unwrap for their baby. They turn to family trees and dictionaries of names to help in their important decision. In many ways, a childs name can determine who they allow for become and what kind of person they will be. Then in that location is the end name. Its automatic no one has a choice in it. The last name perhaps has more of an impact on determining who a person will become, because the last name carries generations of ideals, memories, and pride. William Faulkner chose very significant last names for the characters in the novel Light in August (1932). Light in August is a story about Joe Christmas, a man shunned from society because of his possible blue heritage. The novel describes parts of his youth with a very strict and religious adopted family, his struggle with himself, and his life in Jefferson, Mississippi. There he becomes involved with and in the end murders Joanna Burden, a so-called nigger lover. Joanna is a very odd woman with a rather unusual past. Her last name represents generations of self-imposed struggle and despair. Faulkner gave her and her family the last name of Burden to further illustrate, explain, and characterize Joanna and her nature. Joanna is first mentioned in Chapter Two by a townsman-type narrator as, a woman of middleage. She has lived in the house since she was born, in time she is still a stranger, a foreigner whose people moved in from the North during Reconstruction. A Yankee, a lover of negroes, about whom in the town there is still talk of queer relations with negroes in the town (33). It is clearly evident that Joanna Burden has no sense of community with the townsmen, nor they with her. In fact, in regards to the wake at her home, one man check outs, My pappy says he can remember how fifty years ago folks said it ought to be burned, and with a little humans fat meat to st art it good (35). Furthermore, another character elaborates by saying, They say she is still mixed up with niggers. Visits them when they are sick, like they was white. . . . Folks say she claims that niggers are the same as white folks. Thats why folks dont never go out there (38).

CHIEF EVENTS IN FRANKLINS LIFE :: essays research papers

Ending, as it does, with the year 1757, the autobiography leaves important facts un-recorded. It has seemed advisable, therefore, to detail the chief events in Franklins life, from the beginning, in the following list1706 He is born, in Boston, and baptized in the Old S kayoedh Church.1714 At the age of eight, enters the Grammar School.1716 Becomes his fathers assistant in the tallow-chandlery business.1718 Apprenticed to his brother James, printer.5 1721 Writes ballads and peddles them, in printed form, in the streets contributes, anonymously, to the " tender England Courant," and temporarily edits that paper becomes a free-thinker, and a vegetarian.1723 Breaks his indenture and removes to Philadelphia obtaining employment in Keimers printing-office abandons vegetarianism.1724 Is persuaded by Governor Keith to establish himself independently, and goes to London to buy type works at his trade there, and publishes "Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity, Pleasure and Pain. "1726 Returns to Philadelphia after serving as clerk in a dry goods store, becomes manager of Keimers printing-house.1727 Founds the Junto, or "Leathern proscenium wall" Club.10 1728 With Hugh Meredith, opens a printing-office.1729 Becomes proprietor and editor of the "Pennsylvania Gazette" prints, anonymously, "Nature and Necessity of a Paper Currency" opens a stationers shop.1730 Marries Rebecca Read.1731 Founds the Philadelphia Library.1732 Publishes the first turning of "Poor Richards Almanac" under the pseudonym of "Richard Saunders." The Almanac, which continued for twenty-five years to contain his witty, worldly-wise sayings, played a very large part in bringing together and molding the American character which was at that time made up of so many diverse and scattered types.15 1738 Begins to take on French, Italian, Spanish, and Latin.1736 Chosen clerk of the General Assembly forms the Union Fire Company of Philadelphia.1737 Elec ted to the Assembly appointed Deputy Postmaster-General plans a city police.1742 Invents the open, or "Franklin," stove.1743 Proposes a plan for an Academy, which is adopted 1749 and develops into the University of Pennsylvania.20 1744 Establishes the American Philosophical Society.1746 Publishes a pamphlet, "Plain Truth," on the necessity for disciplined defense, and forms a military company begins electrical experiments.1748 Sells out his printing business is appointed on the Commission of the Peace, chosen to the Common Council, and to the Assembly.1749 Appointed a Commissioner to trade with the Indians.1751 Aids in founding a hospital.25 1752 Experiments with a kite and discovers that lightning is an electrical discharge.1753 Awarded the Copley medal for this discovery, and elected a member of the Royal Society receives the degree of M.

Summary and Analysis of The Second Nuns Tale :: Canterbury Tales The Second Nuns Tale Essays

Summary and synopsis of The Second Nuns Tale (The Canterbury Tales)Prologue to the Second Nuns TaleThe Host praises the Nuns Priest for his tale, yet notes that, if the Nuns Priest were not in the clergy he would be a lewd man. He says that the Nuns Priest, a muscular man with a hawks fierceness in his eye, would lead trouble fending off women, if not for his profession. The Second Nun prepares to tell the next tale, warning against sin and idleness. She says that she will tell the tale of the noble maid Cecilia. AnalysisThe Hosts description of the Nuns Priest highlights the disparity between traditional conceptions of the clergy and their actual roles and personalities. The Nuns Priest is, as dictated by his profession, celibate, but the Host serves to remind the reader of his intimate persona. The Second Nuns TaleSaint Cecilia was by birth a Roman and tutored in the ways of Christ. She dreaded the day in which she must marry and earn up her virginity. However, she came to be e ngaged to Valerian. On the day of their wedding she wore a hairshirt, praying to God to remain unspoiled. On their wedding night she told a secret to Valerian she had an holy man lover who, if he believes that Valerian touches her vulgarly, will slay him. He asks to see this angel, and she tells him to go to the Via Appia and find Pope Urban among the poor people. Once Urban purges him of his sins, Valerian will be able to see the angel. When he reached Via Appia, Urban suddenly appeared to Valerian and read from the Bible. He baptized Valerian and sent him back home, where he found the angel with Cecilia. He has brought a crown of flowers from Paradise that will never wilt, and gives it to Cecilia. The angel claims that only the pure and chaste shall be able to see this crown. Cecilia asks for the angel to bless her brother and return him pure. This brother, Tibertius, enters and can detect the flowers. The angel gives crowns to Valerian and Tibertius, and advises Tibertius to gi ve up false idols. They plan to visit Pope Urban, and Tibertius asks Cecilia how she can worship three gods. She says that each divinity represents luck of God. But after both Valerian and Tibertius were christened, Roman sergeants brought them to Almachius the prefect, who ordered their death.