Monday, April 1, 2019
Lexical and Structural Ambiguity Examples
lexical and morphological Ambiguity ExamplesLangu get on with is the most important thing in our life. pot say with others by using language. Without language we mint non communicate with other good deal properly. Even deaf or dump spate privy communicate with others by using their special language or sign language. quite a little talk, sh ar their thought, feeling and emotion done language both verbalise or written. In the world, there are m whatsoever variant languages in different countries. It is come-at-able that there are many languages subroutined in star country. Although have so many different languages, people use it for one reason, that is to communicate. They communicate with all(prenominal) other either spoken or written finished sentences.Sometimes people do not obtain what we say to them. It is not because they do not hear it or something. However, now and again we say a sentence which has to a greater extent than one implication. As a result, the listeners leave have some different interpretations and this will make surprise for the listener. In this case, this mis ground is called an equivocalness. We kindle find equivocal sentences everywhere, not totally when people say something to us or spoken merely we good deal also find it in written skeletal frames, like in the book, rawspaper, magazine, and so on. This equivocalness sens happen if there are much than one subject matter which can be interpreted by the people who require or listen to the ambiguous sentences or phrases.There are cardinal kinds of ambiguity according to Ullmann (as cited in Tambunan 202, 204) phonetic, grammatical or geomorphologic, and lexical ambiguity. phonic ambiguity appears in spoken only, e.g. when we say near, not all people will catch near as the inwardness of close by or next to. Nevertheless, some people can misunderstand what they hear. They can maybe hear near as an ear or a near as wellhead. Meanwhile, in his book, Pated a () said Grammatical or geomorphological ambiguity appears because of the resemblance of phrase. each(prenominal) invent which ricochets a phrase rattling should be clear, but the combination can be interpreted more(prenominal)(prenominal) than one meat. For example in the sentence I met a human activity of darkened friends and acquaintances. The intelligence agency old (past or someone who has been already old, in this case roughly age matter) in this sentence can be connected with friends (people who you know well but not in family members) and acquaintances which doer people that you have met but do not know well. In that sentence, where is meant by the past, is it friends or acquaintances? In lexical ambiguity it has been explained that from apiece one word can contain more than one meaning. A word can lead to something different according to the usage.As the writer mentioned above, apparently ambiguous sentences or phrases can be shown in the written forms. Ba sed on this search, the writer chooses the source of entropy from a theme, especially in the titles of each section which most likely contains ambiguous meaning. Because nowa twenty-four hourss we find so many give-and- bookpaper which contains ambiguous meaning in it, either in the content or the title. This is happening because in this modern era, language is changed. Trask (92) said that language has changed, and many of the old words have disappeared and been replaced by the new words. Other words have survived, but have changed either their forms or their meanings so much that we can barely recognize them.In this research the writer chooses a local Indonesian newspaper, that is Suara Merdeka. It is the largest Indonesian daily newspaper in Central Java, Indonesia which is made in Semarang, Central Java. There are some sections that are offered by this news, such as headline, business, advertisement, your letters, entertainment, and so on. In this paper, the writer will cond uct a research in the news title of each section. Since the data is taken from newspaper, the writer will take some titles which most likely has ambiguous meaning in some(prenominal) lexically and geomorphologically.FIELD OF THE STUDYThis research is in the field of Linguistics. orbital cavity OF THE STUDYIn this paper the writer focuses on lexical and structural ambiguity in the title news of each section in Suara Merdeka newspaper. The data of this research are taken from all titles in each section of the newspaper which has ambiguous meaning.PROBLEM FORMULATIONThe research move can be formulated as followsWhich words, sentences or phrases are possibly ambiguous?What parts of speech are lexically ambiguous?Which reference of ambiguity is the most dominant?OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDYThe objectives of this paper are to practice the problem of this research which is mentioned above. They areTo find out words, sentence or phrases are possibly ambiguous.To analyze the part of speech o f words that can be lexically ambiguous.To determine the most dominant type of ambiguity. implication OF THE STUDYThe result of this study provides the readers to improve their ability in understanding the ambiguous sentence, phrase, or word in written language. This research will contribute as the reference for the study of semantics and syntax in article of belief and learning activity. Moreover for the people who are interested in lexical and structural ambiguity for their research.DEFINITION OF TERMSAmbiguityAmbiguity appears when something has more than one possible meaning and may therefore cause mental confusion (Cambridge Advanced Learners Dictionary 43).Lexical AmbiguityAccording to Grenat and Taher in Al satil journal (10), lexical ambiguity refers to the type of ambiguity those results from the occurrence of homonyms.geomorphologic AmbiguityA sentence is called structurally ambiguous if there is more than one complete structural description that may be designate to it (Tesar, par. 1).LITERARY VIEWSemantic TheoriesAs a branch of linguistics, semantics is specify as the study of the meaning. Yule (100) says thatSemantics deals with the conventional meaning conveyed by the use of words, phrases and sentences of a language.In semantics it can be seen what is meant by meaning, the kinds of meaning, anything which is connected by meaning, the components of meaning, whether meaning is changed or not, why meaning can be changed, either each word has only one meaning or more, how we comprehend the meaning of a word or sentence easily, everything can be traced through semantics (Pateda 2).MeaningThere are two ways in canvass meaning of words in a sentence conceptual and associative meaning. Conceptual meaning is the basic components of meaning carry on true(a) use of words. For example, the word needle has the meaning of sharp, thin, an instrument for sewing. Associative meaning is like the connotation of words. For example, the word needle has the mea ning of pain, illness, drug, thread, or knitting. In this association meaning, it is possible that each person may have different interpretations (Yule 100).An idea has to be sent clearly and meaningfully, so it will not cause misunderstanding in communication. Ambiguity can cause defile perception in peoples mind when evaluating something (Suryaslavia 7).AmbiguityAccording to Clare (par 4), something is called ambiguous when it can be understood in two or more possible senses or ways.A word or sentence is ambiguous when it has more than one sense. A sentence is ambiguous if it has two (or more) paraphrases which are not themselves paraphrases of each other. For example, We motto her duck is a paraphrase of We saw her turn away her head and of We saw the duck belonging to her. In this case, we consider that We saw her duck is ambiguous (Hurford and Heasley 121).Ambiguity can arise in a sentence for a number of reasons through the ascription of multiple meanings to champion words , through the assignment of different syntactic structures to a sentence, or through the use of certain expression that may have semantic cranial orbit (Cann 8).Lexical AmbiguityLexical ambiguity according to Hurford and Heasley (128) is any ambiguity resulting from the ambiguity of a word. For example in the sentence The captain rectify the list is lexically ambiguous. The word list has two possible meanings, either record (short pieces of discipline, such as peoples name) or lean (in a ship).Lexical ambiguity can be created from because of polysemy and homophony (OGrady 270).PolysemyPolysemy occurs where a word has two or more equald meanings.Example happy shining, intelligent To glare to shine intensely, to stare angrily A fixate minerals in the earth, money in the bankHomophonyHomophony exists where a single form has two or more entirely distinct meanings. For example, the word quiver has the meaning either a flying mouse-like nocturnal mammal or a piece of equipment u sed in cricket or baseball.In this case, it is assumed that there are two or more disperse words with the same pronunciation rather than a single word with different meanings. structural AmbiguityStructural ambiguity appears because of the resemblance of phrase. Each word which forms a phrase actually should be clear, but the combination can be interpreted more than one meaning. For example in the sentence I met a number of old friends and acquaintances. The word old (past or someone who has been already old, in this case about age matter) in this sentence can be connected with friends (people who you know well but not in family members) and acquaintances which means people that you have met but do not know well. In that sentence, where is meant by the past, is it friends or acquaintances?Structural ambiguity happens if there is a sentence which is ambiguous because its words relate each other in different ways, even though none words are ambiguous (Hufford 129 130).Language of t hemesIn his book, The Language of Newspaper Socio Historical Perspective, Conboy (1) says that the language of newspapers has always encapsulated what would they sell to the readers and how the information which they share could go around be packaged and presented to achieve the commercial end at a certain time.The market-driven rationalization of the language of the new mass newspapers affected the grammar of the reduced sentences which were increasingly identifiable as journalistic. The twentieth-century newspapers language was shaped by a wave of technologies competing with the newspaper as the prime provider of topical information about the world. In newspapers today, we are witnessing the latest linguistic accommodation to ever-changing social and commercial pressures. Newspapers have always striven to provide an elaborated form of conversation with their audiences, to be something more than a dry account of the events of the day (Conboy 2).Previous StudyIn Faculty of Letters , Unika Soegijapranata there have been thre theses discussing about Ambiguity. Marsha Marieanne (2011), The Analysis of Ambiguity in Printed Consumer Goods Indonesian Advertisements investigates the classification of the ambiguous taglines in printed Indonesian consumer goods advertisements.Doncy Suryaslavia (2005), Lexical and Structural Ambiguity on Television Advertisements focuses on a classification of Indonesian television advertisements which contain lexical or structural ambiguity.Arkhid Awful (2005), Peoples Interpretstion of the Advertisement Containing Ambiguous Sentences or Phrases talks about interpretation of people concerning the ambiguous sentences or phrases in the advertisement.The difference amid those three theses from the writes study is that the writer focuses on the lexical and structural ambiguity found in news titles. The writer will conduct a research on each section of the newspaper and find any titles which most likely have ambiguous meaning.RESEARCH MET HODOLOGY rule of Data CollectionThe aim of this study is to analyze the lexical and structural ambiguity in the newpaper titles. The writer conducts a reasearch from Indonesian local newspaper, that is Suara Merdeka. She takes the data from each section of the newspaper which most likely contains ambiguous meaning and she will analyze it based on the lexical and structural ambiguity. factor1.2 ProcedureMethod of Data AnalysisReading the selected dataIdentifying the words, phrases, and sentences which are possibly ambiguous.Classifying them into the types of ambiguity whether lexical or structural ambiguity.
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